Update: Influenza Activity --- United States, March 5--11, 2006

During March 5--11, 2006,* the number of states reporting widespread influenza activity^† remained at 25. Sixteen states reported regional activity, three reported local activity, and six reported sporadic activity (Figure 1).^§

The percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza increased in the United States overall. During the preceding 3 weeks (weeks 8--10), the percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza ranged from 36.8% in the East North Central region to 11.1% in the Pacific region. During this period, 52.6% of isolates from the Mountain region have been influenza B. The influenza B isolates reported from this region accounted for 41.1% of the B isolates reported during this time period. Other regions reporting more than 30.0% of recent isolates as influenza B include the West North Central and West South Central regions. The percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI)^¶ during the week ending March 11 remains above the national baseline.** The percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) was below the epidemic threshold for the week ending March 11.

Laboratory Surveillance

During March 5-11, World Health Organization (WHO) collaborating laboratories and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) laboratories in the United States reported testing 3,548 specimens for influenza viruses, of which 917 (25.8%) were positive. Of these, 223 were influenza A (H3N2) viruses, 43 were influenza A (H1N1) viruses, 430 were influenza A viruses that were not subtyped, and 221 were influenza B viruses.

Since October 2, 2005, WHO and NREVSS laboratories have tested 95,533 specimens for influenza viruses, of which 10,632 (11.1%) were positive. Of these, 9,693 (91.2%) were influenza A viruses, and 939 (8.8%) were influenza B viruses. Of the 9,693 influenza A viruses, 4,132 (42.6%) have been subtyped; 4,002 (96.9%) were influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and 130 (3.1%) were influenza A (H1N1) viruses.

P&I Mortality and ILI Surveillance

During the week ending March 11, P&I accounted for 7.6% of all deaths reported through the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System. This percentage is below the epidemic threshold^†† of 8.3% (Figure 2).

The percentage of patient visits for ILI was 3.0%, which is above the national baseline of 2.2% (Figure 3). The percentage of patient visits for ILI ranged from 1.7% in the Pacific region to 5.3% in the West South Central region.

Pediatric Deaths and Hospitalizations

During October 2, 2005--March 11, 2006, CDC received reports of 16 influenza-associated deaths in U.S. residents aged <18 years. Fourteen of the deaths occurred during the current influenza season, and two occurred during the 2004--05 influenza season.

During October 1, 2005--March 4, 2006, the preliminary laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalization rate reported by the Emerging Infections Program ^§§ (EIP) for children aged 0--17 years was 0.60 per 10,000. For children aged 0--4 years and 5--17 years, the rate was 1.44 per 10,000 and 0.19 per 10,000, respectively. During October 30, 2005--March 4, 2006, the preliminary laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalization rate for children aged 0--4 years in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network^¶¶ (NVSN) was 2.1 per 10,000.

Human Avian Influenza A (H5N1)

No human avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection has ever been identified in the United States. From December 2003 through March 21, 2006, a total of 184 laboratory-confirmed human avian influenza A (H5N1) infections were reported to WHO from Azerbaijan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Iraq, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam.*** Of these, 103 (56%) were fatal (Table). This represents an increase of seven cases and five deaths in Azerbaijan since March 13 and the first human infections with avian influenza A (H5N1) reported in Azerbaijan. The majority of infections appear to have been acquired from direct contact with infected poultry. No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of H5N1 has been detected, although rare instances of human-to-human transmission likely have occurred (1).

Reference

1. Ungchusak K, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, et al. Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med 2005; 352:333--40.

*** Available at http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en.

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Date last reviewed: 3/23/2006