Evaluation of Vaccination Recall Letter System for Medicaid-Enrolled Children Aged 19–23 Months — Montana, 2011

Reminder and recall systems alert the parents of children due (reminder) or overdue (recall) for vaccination and have been associated with increased vaccination coverage (1–3). To evaluate the potential of a state-generated recall letter to increase vaccination coverage among Montana children, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services (DPHHS) pilot tested a recall letter system targeted at parents of children aged 19–23 months enrolled in Montana Medicaid and not known to have completed a subset of the routinely recommended vaccination series. Data extracted from Medicaid billing records and the web-based immunization registry database (WIZRD) then in use by Montana were used to ascertain whether children were up-to-date for the study vaccination series. Of the 1,865 children enrolled in Montana Medicaid and aged 19–23 months, 878 (47%) were eligible for study participation. One recall letter was sent to parents of 438 (50%) eligible children selected randomly. A reassessment of each child's vaccination status was completed 3 months after the initial mailing. At 3 months, 32% of children whose parents were sent letters were known to have completed the study vaccination series, which was not significantly different from the 28% of children who were vaccinated but whose parents had not been sent letters. Further research is needed to determine why the recall letter had limited effectiveness in this pilot study and to develop more effective methods for increasing vaccination coverage in Montana.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that children aged 0–18 months receive routine vaccinations for protection against diseases caused by 14 pathogens (4). Despite these recommendations, the National Immunization Survey reported that in 2009, for children aged 19–35 months, the estimated vaccination coverage nationally for the recommended modified series (the recommended series with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine [Hib] excluded because of a Hib shortage*) was just over 70% and coverage varied substantially among states (5). In Montana, the estimated coverage for the recommended modified series among children aged 19–35 months was 61.7%, ranking among the lowest 10 states. To improve vaccination coverage, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommends the use of reminder and recall systems (2). Vaccine reminder and recall systems alert the parents of children due or overdue for vaccinations and are effective at increasing child and adult vaccination coverage whether conducted by a health-care provider, academic center, or health department (3). The Montana DPHHS does not use a vaccine reminder and recall system of its own, relying instead on vaccine providers to contact parents of children overdue for vaccination. However, among surveyed health-care providers who provide vaccines to Montana adolescents, only 21% reported using reminder and recall systems. In response, DPHHS pilot tested a state-generated recall letter that was sent to parents of Medicaid-enrolled children aged 19–23 months and not known to be fully immunized with the study vaccination series.†

Children enrolled in Montana Medicaid with birthdates from December 2, 2008, through May 1, 2009, were assessed for coverage with the study vaccination series. For these children, data were extracted from Medicaid billing records and WIZRD and imported into the Comprehensive Clinic Assessment Software Application.§ Medicaid billing data were extracted on December 28, 2010, and included data entered through December 1, 2010. Children known to have received each of the vaccines in the study vaccination series or those with home addresses outside of Montana were excluded from study participation. The study was powered to have a 99.9% likelihood and a 72% likelihood of detecting a statistically significant difference given a 15 percentage-point difference and 6 percentage-point difference, respectively, between the intervention and control cohorts, assuming 250 children per cohort, α = 0.05, and a two-sided test.

Using the Comprehensive Clinic Assessment Software Application random number generator tool, 50% of children not known to have completed the study vaccination series on December 1, 2010, were randomly assigned to the intervention cohort. On January 21, 2011, using addresses from Montana Medicaid, a letter was mailed to the parent(s) of each child reminding them to take their child to their health-care provider to receive the missed vaccines. The letters did not include an individualized listing of the missed vaccines. The remaining 50% of children were assigned to the control cohort (i.e., no letter). Letters returned as undeliverable were resent to addresses listed in WIZRD if different from the address listed in the Medicaid database. Letters were not resent if the Medicaid and WIZRD addresses were identical. In June 2011, a reassessment of vaccination status for each child was completed using the methodology for vaccines received through April 30, 2011. Pearson's chi-square test was used to evaluate the difference in participant characteristics, vaccines received by the intervention and control cohorts, and coverage for each cohort between baseline and follow-up.

Of the 1,865 children enrolled in Montana Medicaid and aged 19–23 months by December 1, 2010, a total of 878 (47%) were eligible for study participation (Table 1). Of those, 464 (53%) were male, and the median age was 21 months. Among the participants, 184 (21%) children were classified as American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN). Race information was not available for the other participants. The county of residence was categorized as rural or frontier¶ for 87% of participants. Among participants, 357 (41%) had not received at least one or two of the recommended vaccines. The vaccines most commonly missing were the fourth dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), which 612 (70%) participants had not received, and the fourth dose of pneumococcal vaccine (PCV), which 539 (61%) participants had not received. No significant differences existed between the intervention and control cohorts for age, sex, AI/AN classification, population density for county of residence, and number of missing vaccines. Recall letters were sent to parents of 438 (50%) children; 83 (20%) of those letters initially were returned as undeliverable, of which 45 were resent.

Three months after the single recall letter was sent, 139 (32%) of the children whose parents had been sent a recall letter had completed the study vaccination series and 125 (28%) of control children had completed the series (p=0.28) (Table 2). For 14 (70%) of 20 vaccinations, the percentages of children who received the missing vaccine by 3 months was higher in the intervention cohort compared with the control cohort, but the difference was only statistically significant for the third and fourth doses of PCV. No significant differences were found between the cohorts for the percentage of 184 AI/AN children who completed the study vaccination series (intervention = 40.4%, control = 29.4%; p=0.12). Likewise, no significant differences were found when cohorts were stratified by county of residence for the 110 urban children (intervention = 34.4%, control = 43.5%; p=0.34), 537 rural children (intervention = 30.5%, control = 23.1%; p=0.06), and 231 frontier children (intervention = 33.3%, control = 34.1%; p=0.9). In this study, 30 recall letters would need to be sent to result in one extra child being up-to-date for the study vaccination series (95% confidence interval = 10.6–∞).

Reported by

Cody L. Custis, MS, Steven D Helgerson, MD, James S. Murphy, Montana Dept of Public Health and Human Svcs. Carolyn A. Parry, MPH, Immunization Svcs Div, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Randall J. Nett, MD, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Randall J. Nett, [email protected], 406-444-5917.

Editorial Note

The findings in this study demonstrate that a single, state-generated recall letter to parents resulted in no significant increase in vaccination coverage among predominantly rural, Medicaid-enrolled children aged 19–23 months. Of children whose parents were not sent recall letters, 28% had completed the study vaccination series at 3 months. In comparison, 32% of children whose parents had been sent letters had completed the series.

Reminder and recall systems have been shown to be effective in increasing vaccination coverage in pediatric and adult populations; for universally recommended vaccines and targeted vaccines; when conducted by a health-care provider, an academic center, or a health department; and, when carried out using postcards, mailed letters, or telephone calls (3,6). However, as found in this study, specific reminder and recall systems and methods are not effective in every setting. For example, among urban adolescent populations, text message reminders have been shown to significantly increase vaccination coverage while automated telephone messages have not (7,8).

Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of certain reminder and recall systems in rural settings. Reminder postcards were effective in improving vaccination coverage among a predominantly low-income, rural, and Latino pediatric population (9). That study differed from the investigation presented here in that the population was predominantly Hispanic, the system was community health center–based, and multiple mailings were used. In another study, automated telephone reminders and recalls conducted by rural county health departments in Georgia were effective at increasing immunization visits (6). Unlike the Montana investigation, the Georgia study used multiple attempts until contact was made with the parent. These findings highlight the importance of the exact methods chosen to implement a reminder and recall system.

Selecting the method most likely to be effective in a particular community might require pilot testing and an evaluation of the results. The findings of this investigation suggest that studies conducted in suburban and urban areas might not predict the success of interventions implemented in rural areas and certain types of reminder and recall systems might not be effective in rural settings. Compared with urban populations, rural populations are likely to be less educated, less affluent, and have less access to transportation (10); these factors and others might influence childhood vaccination coverage and the effectiveness of certain vaccine reminder and recall methods.

The findings in this report are subject to at least seven limitations. First, recall letters were not sent by certified mail; therefore, no confirmation that the intended recipients received the letters was obtained. A low percentage of successfully delivered letters might diminish the difference in vaccination coverage between the intervention and control cohorts. Second, an average delay of 4 weeks occurs between administration of a vaccine and Montana Medicaid's receipt of the health-care provider's billing statement. However, health-care providers have up to 1 year to bill Medicaid for vaccines administered, so delays in billing for some vaccines might hide some differences in vaccination coverage between intervention and control cohorts. Third, only 93% of public health-care providers and 74% of private health-care providers are known to be active users of WIZRD (DPHHS, unpublished data, 2011). Therefore, the immunization rates presented in this study might be underestimated. Fourth, children with delayed initiation of the PCV or Hib series might have been eligible to receive fewer doses of those vaccines and thus be considered up-to-date per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations but underimmunized for PCV or Hib for this study. Fifth, only a single recall letter was sent; the use of multiple letters might have resulted in higher vaccination coverage. Sixth, the children sent letters might have differed from the children not sent letters regarding certain factors that were not assessed; these factors might have diminished the impact of the letters in increasing vaccination coverage. Finally, the medical records of study participants were not available for review; thus, the completeness of the vaccination status for each child cannot be confirmed.

This intervention aimed at increasing vaccination coverage among children enrolled in Montana Medicaid by mailing a single, state-generated vaccine recall letter to their parents resulted in no significant increase in vaccination coverage of their children. Based on these findings and a review of the literature, 1) health-care providers should use reminder and recall systems to improve vaccination coverage among their patients (1,2); 2) state and local health departments should use the reminder and recall system(s) most likely to improve vaccination coverage in their population; 3) users of reminder and recall systems should evaluate their system to determine its effectiveness and adjust their strategy as needed to improve system performance; and 4) public health authorities should conduct further research to identify effective reminder and recall system(s) for improving vaccination coverage, particularly in rural underserved areas.

Acknowledgments

Carol Ballew, PhD, Eric Higginbotham, Bekki Wehner, Kathleen Grady, Vicci Stroop, Heather Zimmerman, MPH, Montana Dept of Public Health and Human Svcs.

References

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