Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine for Adults with Immunocompromising Conditions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

Please note: Recommendations made in this report have been updated and can be found here.

On June 20, 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13; Prevnar 13, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a subsidiary of Pfizer, Inc.) for adults aged ≥19 years with immunocompromising conditions, functional or anatomic asplenia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, or cochlear implants (Table). PCV13 should be administered to eligible adults in addition to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23; Pneumovax 23, Merck & Co. Inc.), the vaccine currently recommended for these groups of adults (1). The evidence for the benefits and risk of PCV13 vaccination of adults with immunocompromising conditions was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework and designated as a Category A recommendation (2,3). This report outlines the new ACIP recommendations for PCV13 use; explains the recommendations for the use of PCV13 and PPSV23 among adults with immunocompromising conditions, functional or anatomic asplenia, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants; and summarizes the evidence considered by ACIP to make its recommendations.

Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Infection in Immunocompromised Adults

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a leading cause of serious illness, including bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia among adults in the United States. An estimated 4,000 deaths occur in the United States each year because of S. pneumoniae, primarily among adults (4). The incidence of invasive disease ranges from 3.8 per 100,000 among persons aged 18–34 years to 36.4 per 100,000 among those aged ≥65 years (4). Adults with certain medical conditions also are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). For adults aged 18–64 years with hematologic cancer, the rate of IPD in 2010 was 186 per 100,000, and for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the rate was 173 per 100,000 (CDC, unpublished data, 2012). The disease rates for adults in these groups can be more than 20 times those for adults without high-risk medical conditions.

PCV13 has been used for children since 2010, when it replaced an earlier version targeting seven serotypes (PCV7; Prevnar, Pfizer) that had been in use since 2000. The routine use of PCV7 in infants and young children resulted in significant reductions in IPD caused by vaccine serotypes in children, and because of indirect effects, also in adults. Rates of IPD caused by vaccine serotypes in adults aged 18–64 years without HIV decreased from six cases to one case per 100,000 during 2000–2007. However, even after indirect effects of the pediatric immunization had been realized fully, the incidence of IPD caused by the serotypes included in PCV7 remained high in HIV-infected persons aged 18–64 years at 64 cases per 100,000 persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (5). Moreover, 50% of IPD cases among immunocompromised adults in 2010 were caused by serotypes contained in PCV13; an additional 21% were caused by serotypes only contained in PPSV23 (CDC, unpublished data, 2011).

PCV13 Vaccine in Adults

PCV13 was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of IPD and otitis media in infants and young children in February 2010, supplanting PCV7 (6). PCV13 is identical in formulation for the seven common serotypes in PCV7, but it includes six additional antigens. One dose of PCV13 is recommended by ACIP for children aged 6–18 years with high-risk conditions such as functional or anatomic asplenia, immunocompromising conditions, cochlear implants, or CSF leaks. In December 2011, FDA licensed PCV13 for prevention of pneumonia and IPD in adults aged ≥50 years (7). The license for adult use was granted under FDA's accelerated approval pathway, which allows the agency to approve products for serious or life-threatening diseases on the basis of early evidence of a product's effectiveness that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. Approval of PCV13 for adults was based on immunogenicity studies that compared antibody responses to PCV13 with antibody responses to PPSV23 (7).

In two randomized, multicenter immunogenicity studies conducted in the United States and Europe, immunocompetent adults aged ≥50 years received a single dose of PCV13 or PPSV23 (8). In adults aged 60–64 years and aged >70 years, PCV13 elicited opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) that were comparable with, or higher than, responses elicited by PPSV23. OPA GMTs elicited by PCV13 in adults aged 50–59 years for all 13 serotypes were comparable with the corresponding GMTs elicited by administration of PCV13 in adults aged 60–64 years. Persons who received PPSV23 as the initial study dose had lower opsonophagocytic antibody responses after subsequent administration of a PCV13 dose 1 year later than those who had received PCV13 as the initial dose (8). Data on the immunogenicity of PCV13 in immunocompromised adults are not available.

Safety of PCV13 was evaluated in approximately 6,000 PPSV23-naïve and PPSV23-experienced adults aged ≥50 years (8). Overall incidence of serious adverse events reported within 1 month of an initial study dose was <2% for both vaccines, with no significant differences between treatment groups. Common adverse reactions reported with PCV13 were pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site; limitation of movement of the injected arm; fatigue; and headache (8). Safety studies presented for licensure did not enroll immunocompromised subjects.

Although clinical trial data are not yet available for PCV13, a randomized, controlled trial of PCV7 efficacy among 496 HIV-infected adults in Malawi demonstrated vaccine efficacy of 75% (95% confidence interval = 29%–92%) in preventing IPD (9). The study population differed from the general U.S. HIV-infected population, however, in that all participants had survived a previous episode of IPD, only 13% were on antiretrovirals, and the all-cause mortality rate was >25%. The number of serious adverse events within 14 days after vaccination was significantly lower (three versus 17; p=0.002) in the vaccine group (248 persons) than in the placebo group (248 persons), whereas minor adverse events were significantly more common in the vaccine group (41 versus 13; p=0.003) (9).

Four studies of PCV7 immunogenicity involving 699 HIV-infected subjects, all with CD4 counts of >200 cells/µL, were conducted in the United States and Europe. Antibody response to a single dose of PCV7 was comparable with PPSV23 for the serotypes evaluated, at all times studied (10–13). When PPSV23 and PCV7 were administered in series, greater immune response was demonstrated when PCV7 was given first (8,11). None of the studies were designed to evaluate the optimal interval between doses; however, in another study, no evidence of blunting of an immune response to PCV7 was observed when a dose of PPSV23 was given 5 years (range: 3.5–6.6 years) before a dose of PCV7 (14).

PPSV23 Vaccine

PPSV23 contains 12 of the serotypes included in PCV13, plus 11 additional serotypes. PPSV23 is recommended for prevention of IPD among all adults aged ≥65 years, and for adults at high risk aged 19–64 years (1,3). Although conflicting evidence regarding PPSV23 efficacy in HIV-infected adults has been published (15,16), the GRADE evaluation reviewed by ACIP concluded that potential benefits from PPSV23 use in this population outweigh any potential harms. Given the high burden of IPD caused by serotypes in PPSV23 but not in PCV13, broader protection might be provided through use of both pneumococcal vaccines.

The current ACIP PPSV23 recommendations call for vaccination of adults at high risk aged 19–64 years at the time of diagnosis of the high-risk condition. A one-time revaccination dose of PPSV23 is recommended 5 years after the first dose for persons with functional or anatomic asplenia and for immunocompromised persons (Table). All adults are eligible for a dose of PPSV23 at age 65 years, regardless of previous PPSV23 vaccination; however, a minimum interval of 5 years between PPSV23 doses should be maintained (1).

Cost-Effectiveness

A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a lifetime cohort model of an implemented vaccine program wherein persons with selected immunocompromising conditions were immunized with PCV13 at the time of diagnosis and then followed current PPSV23 vaccination guidelines starting 1 year later. PCV13 vaccine efficacy against IPD and pneumonia (used as a proxy for effectiveness in the model) was 75% and 13%, respectively, for persons with HIV/AIDS and persons requiring dialysis, and 25% and 0%, respectively, for persons with hematologic cancer and for organ transplant recipients. Using the current costs of PCV13, PPSV23, and administration, the modeled program resulted in a cost saving of $7,600,000, added 1,360 quality-adjusted life years, and averted 57 cases of IPD (CDC, unpublished data, 2012). These savings accrued largely as a result of protection among patients on dialysis and those with HIV/AIDS. Heterogeneity across risk groups was driven by differences in pneumococcal serotypes causing disease and assumed vaccine efficacy in each subgroup. The model was sensitive to assumptions about vaccine efficacy, whereby increased estimation of PCV13 efficacy led to increases in cost-effectiveness.

ACIP Recommendations for PCV13 and PPSV23 Use

Adults with specified immunocompromising conditions who are eligible for pneumococcal vaccine should be vaccinated with PCV13 during their next pneumococcal vaccination opportunity.

Pneumococcal vaccine-naïve persons. ACIP recommends that adults aged ≥19 years with immunocompromising conditions, functional or anatomic asplenia, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants, and who have not previously received PCV13 or PPSV23, should receive a dose of PCV13 first, followed by a dose of PPSV23 at least 8 weeks later (Table). Subsequent doses of PPSV23 should follow current PPSV23 recommendations for adults at high risk. Specifically, a second PPSV23 dose is recommended 5 years after the first PPSV23 dose for persons aged 19–64 years with functional or anatomic asplenia and for persons with immunocompromising conditions. Additionally, those who received PPSV23 before age 65 years for any indication should receive another dose of the vaccine at age 65 years, or later if at least 5 years have elapsed since their previous PPSV23 dose.

Previous vaccination with PPSV23. Adults aged ≥19 years with immunocompromising conditions, functional or anatomic asplenia, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants, who previously have received ≥1 doses of PPSV23 should be given a PCV13 dose ≥1 year after the last PPSV23 dose was received. For those who require additional doses of PPSV23, the first such dose should be given no sooner than 8 weeks after PCV13 and at least 5 years after the most recent dose of PPSV23.

Reported by

Nancy M. Bennett, MD, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Pneumococcal Work Group. Cynthia G. Whitney, MD, Matt Moore, MD, Tamara Pilishvili, MPH, Respiratory Diseases Br, Div of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Kathleen L. Dooling, MD, EIS Officer, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Tamara Pilishvili, [email protected], 404-639-3585.

Acknowledgments

Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; member roster for July 2011–June 2012 available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/committee/members-archive/members-07-2011-06-2012.html.

References

1. CDC. Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). MMWR 2010;59:1102–6.
2. Ahmed F, Temte JL, Campos-Outcalt D, Schünemann HJ; ACIP Evidence Based Recommendations Work Group (EBRWG). Methods for developing evidence-based recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccine 2011;29:9171–6.
3. CDC. ACIP GRADE tables, 2012. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recs/GRADE/pneumo-immuno-adults.html. Accessed October 10, 2012.
4. CDC. Active Bacterial Core surveillance report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2010. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/spneu10-orig.html. Accessed October 1, 2012.
5. Cohen AL, Harrison LH, Farley MM, et al. Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. AIDS 2010;24:2253–62.
6. CDC. Licensure of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and recommendations for use among children—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR 2010;59:258–61.
7. Food and Drug Administration. FDA expands use of Prevnar 13 vaccine for people ages 50 and older. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm285431.htm. Accessed October 10, 2012.
8. Food and Drug Administration. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) adult indication briefing document: Prevnar 13. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2011. Available at http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/bloodvaccinesandotherbiologics/vaccinesandrelatedbiologicalproductsadvisorycommittee/ucm279680.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2012.
9. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, et al. A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2010;362:812–22.
10. Feikin DR, Elie CM, Goetz MB, et al. Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 2002;20:545–53.
11. Lesprit P, Pédrono G, Molina JM, et al. Immunological efficacy of a prime-boost pneumococcal vaccination in HIV-infected adults. AIDS 2007;21:2425–34.
12. Peñaranda M, Payeras A, Cambra A, et al. Conjugate and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines do not improve initial response of the polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-infected adults. AIDS 2010;24:1226–8.
13. Crum-Cianflone NF, Huppler Hullsiek K, Roediger M, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1114–25.
14. Miiro G, Kayhty H, Watera C, et al. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected Ugandans and the effect of past receipt of polysaccharide vaccine. J Infect Dis 2005;192:1801–5.
15. French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, et al. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:2106–11.
16. Breiman RF, Keller DW, Phelan MA, et al. Evaluation of effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-infected patients. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2633–8.