Vital Signs: Binge Drinking Among Women and High School Girls — United States, 2011

Please note: An erratum has been published for this article. To view the erratum, please click here.

On January 8, 2013, this report was posted as an MMWR Early Release on the MMWR website (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr).

Abstract

Background: Excessive alcohol use accounted for an estimated average of 23,000 deaths and 633,000 years of potential life lost (YPLL) among women and girls in the United States each year during 2001–2005. Binge drinking accounted for more than half of those deaths and YPLL. Binge drinking also is a risk factor for many health and social problems among women and girls, including unintended and alcohol-exposed pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and breast cancer.

Methods: To describe the prevalence, frequency, and intensity of binge drinking (four or more drinks on an occasion in the last 30 days) among U.S. women aged ≥18 years, CDC analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data were also analyzed from the 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey on the prevalence of current alcohol use (one or more drinks during the past 30 days) and binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row during the past 30 days) among U.S. high school girls in grades 9–12.

Results: Among adult women, the prevalence of binge drinking was 12.5%, and among those who binge drank, the frequency of binge drinking was 3.2 episodes per month and the intensity was 5.7 drinks on occasion. Binge drinking was most prevalent among women aged 18–24 years (24.2%) and 25–34 years (19.9%), and among those from households with annual incomes of ≥$75,000 (16.0%). Among those who binge drank, women aged 18–24 years had the highest frequency (3.6 episodes) and intensity (6.4 drinks) of binge drinking. Among high school girls, the prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.9%, the prevalence of binge drinking was 19.8%, and the prevalence of binge drinking among girls who reported current alcohol use was 54.6%.

Conclusions: Binge drinking is reported by one in eight U.S. adult women and one in five high school girls. Women who binge drink tend to do so frequently and with high intensity. Most high school girls who reported current alcohol use also reported binge drinking.

Implications for Public Health Practice: More widespread implementation of evidence-based interventions, such as those recommended by the Guide to Community Preventive Services and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, would be expected to reduce the frequency and intensity, and ultimately the prevalence of binge drinking among women and girls, and the harms related to it.

Introduction

Excessive alcohol use* among women and girls accounted for an estimated average of 23,000 deaths† and 633,00 years of potential life lost (YPLL)§ in the United States each year during 2001–2005. Binge drinking was responsible for more than half of those deaths and YPLL (1). Binge drinking is a risk factor for many health and social problems that affect women, including unintentional injuries, violence, liver disease, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, breast and other cancers, reduced cognitive function, and alcohol dependence (2). Binge drinking also can affect women's reproductive health by increasing the risk for acquiring human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, miscarriage, and low birth weight (3). A woman who binge drinks might unintentionally expose a developing fetus to high blood alcohol concentrations, increasing the risk for sudden infant death syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (3). At the state level, binge drinking by women correlates strongly with binge drinking by high school girls (4).

Reducing the prevalence of binge drinking among adults and youths¶ is a leading health indicator in Healthy People 2020 (5). To assess measures of binge drinking nationwide among women and girls, CDC analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to determine the prevalence, frequency, and intensity of binge drinking among adult women, and data from the 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) to determine measures of current alcohol use and binge drinking among high school girls.

Methods

BRFSS

BRFSS is an annual, state-based, random-digit–dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized, civilian, U.S. adults aged ≥18 years that collects information on many leading health conditions and health risk behaviors, including binge drinking. In 2011, all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) conducted the BRFSS by landline and cellular telephones. The median proportion of all BRFSS interviews completed by cellular telephones was approximately 11%. In 2011, the median survey response rate was 49.7%, ranging from 33.8% to 64.1%.** BRFSS data were weighted to adjust for several demographic variables (e.g., education levels, marital status, home ownership, and telephone source). A total of 278,243 women respondents were included in the analysis. A more detailed description of BRFSS methods has been published (6).

For women, binge drinking was defined as consuming four or more alcoholic drinks per occasion during the past 30 days. Among women who binge drank, binge drinking frequency was defined as the total number of episodes of binge drinking during the past 30 days. Binge drinking intensity was defined as the average largest number of drinks consumed during the past 30 days by respondents who reported one or more episodes of binge drinking. Respondents who refused to answer, had a missing answer, or who answered "don't know/not sure" were excluded from the analyses involving those variables.

YRBS

The biennial national YRBS, a component of CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, measures the prevalence of health risk behaviors among U.S. high school students. The 2011 national YRBS obtained cross-sectional data representative of public- and private-school students in grades 9–12 in all 50 states and DC. Students completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire that included questions about alcohol use. Students from 158 schools completed 15,503 questionnaires. The school response rate was 81%, the student response rate was 87%, and the overall response rate was 71%. After quality control measures were taken, data from 15,425 students were available for analysis, of which data from 7,536 student girls were included in the analysis. Data were weighted to adjust for school and student nonresponse and oversampling of black and Hispanic students. A more detailed description of YRBS methods has been published (7).

Current alcohol use was defined as having had at least one drink of alcohol on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. Binge drinking was defined for girls and boys as having had five or more drinks of alcohol in a row (i.e., within a couple of hours) on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. T-tests were used to test for significant (p<0.05) differences between subgroups. Respondents who did not respond to one or both questions were excluded from the analysis.

Results

BRFSS

In 2011, the overall prevalence of binge drinking among women aged ≥18 years was 12.5% (Table 1). Among women who binge drank, the frequency of binge drinking was 3.2 episodes per month and the intensity was 5.7 drinks on occasion. Binge drinking was most prevalent among women aged 18–24 years (24.2%) and 25–34 years (19.9%), and then gradually decreased with increasing age. The highest frequency (3.6 episodes) and intensity (6.4 drinks) of binge drinking was reported by women aged 18–24 years. The prevalence of binge drinking was highest among non-Hispanic white women (13.3%), but the frequency and intensity of binge drinking was similar across racial and ethnic groups. Women who did not graduate from high school had the lowest prevalence of binge drinking (8.5%), but those who binge drank had the highest frequency (4.2 episodes) and intensity (6.2 drinks) relative to women with higher educational levels. Binge drinking prevalence increased with household income, and was highest among women with annual household incomes of $75,000 or more (16.0%).

YRBS

In 2011, the prevalence of current alcohol use and of binge drinking among high school girls in grades 9–12 was 37.9% and 19.8%, respectively (Table 2). Hispanic (22.4%) and non-Hispanic white (21.7%) high school girls had a higher prevalence of binge drinking than non-Hispanic black girls (10.3%). Binge drinking prevalence among high school girls increased with grade, and was twice as high among 12th grade girls (27.0%) as among 9th grade girls (13.0%).

The prevalence of binge drinking among high school girls who reported current alcohol use was 54.6% (Table 2). Non-Hispanic white (57.8%) and Hispanic (55.4%) high school girls who reported current alcohol use had a higher prevalence of binge drinking than non-Hispanic black (35.0%) high school girls who reported current alcohol use. The prevalence of binge drinking among high school girls who reported current alcohol use increased with grade, from 45.2% among girls in grade 9 to 61.7% among girls in grade 12.

Conclusions and Comment

The results in this report indicate that in 2011, binge drinking was common among U.S. adult women, and women who binge drank tended to do so frequently (average of three times per month) and intensively (average of six drinks on occasion), placing themselves and others at a greater risk for alcohol-attributable harms (1,2). The prevalence of binge drinking was similar among high school girls (especially in grades 11 and 12), women aged 18–24 years, and women aged 25–34 years. Binge drinking was most prevalent among women living in households with annual incomes of $75,000 or more.

At the state level, alcohol consumption by high school girls is strongly correlated with alcohol consumption by adult women (4). This probably reflects the influence of adult drinking behavior on youths, including the fact that youths often obtain alcohol from adults (8) and that youths often aspire to behave like young adults. The drinking behavior of youths and adults also is affected by the price and availability of alcoholic beverages (9) and religious and cultural factors (10). Additionally, binge drinking, unlike other leading risk behaviors, has not been subjected to intense prevention efforts (11). Underage girls are overexposed to alcohol marketing relative to women to an even greater extent than underage boys are overexposed to alcohol marketing relative to men (12), thereby increasing the risk that girls will initiate alcohol consumption and consume more alcohol when they drink (13). New alcoholic beverages also have been developed and marketed (e.g., flavored malt beverages) that are known to appeal to underage girls (14).

Although binge drinking is more prevalent among men (15), women who binge drink are at high risk for alcohol-attributable harms, in part because they differ from men in their physiologic response to alcohol consumption. Women tend to reach higher blood alcohol levels than men at the same consumption level, even after taking into account differences in body size, food consumption, and other factors (16). In addition, binge drinking increases the risk for unintended pregnancy, and women with unintended pregnancies tend to have delayed pregnancy recognition (3), increasing the risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy and adverse reproductive health outcomes, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, among women who binge drink, and further emphasizing the need to prevent binge drinking in women.

The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, BRFSS and YRBS data are self-reported. Among adults, alcohol consumption generally, and excessive drinking in particular, are underreported in surveys because of recall bias and social desirability bias (17). A recent study using BRFSS data found that self-reports identify only 22%–32% of presumed alcohol consumption in states, based on alcohol sales (18). Second, BRFSS does not collect information from persons living in institutional settings (e.g., on college campuses and military bases); therefore, BRFSS data might not be representative of these populations. Third, the BRFSS median response rate in 2011 was 49.7%. Fourth, the YRBS data apply only to youths who attend school, and thus are not representative of all persons in this age group. Nationwide, in 2009, of persons aged 16–17 years, approximately 4% were not enrolled in a high school program and had not completed high school.†† Finally, the YRBS definition of binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row), is not gender-specific, and studies among women have shown that reducing the threshold for defining binge drinking from five drinks to four drinks increases the relative prevalence of binge drinking by more than one third (19).

The Guide to Community Preventive Services has recommended several population-level, evidence-based strategies to effectively reduce binge drinking and related harms. These include 1) limiting alcohol outlet density, 2) holding alcohol retailers liable for harms related to the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors and intoxicated patrons (dram shop liability), 3) maintaining existing limits on the days and hours when alcohol is sold, 4) measures increasing the price of alcohol, 5) avoiding further privatization of alcohol sales in states with government-operated or contracted liquor stores, 6) electronic screening and brief interventions in the clinical setting, and 7) maintaining and enforcing age 21 years as the minimum age for legal drinking (20). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force also recommends screening and behavioral counseling interventions for alcohol misuse, including binge drinking, among adults (21). The findings of this study also support the need to monitor binge drinking routinely among women and girls (11,15) to characterize the public health impact of this behavior, and to evaluate the effect of evidence-based strategies to prevent it.

Reported by

Dafna Kanny, PhD, Yong Liu, MS, Robert D. Brewer, MD, Paul I. Eke, PhD, Div of Population Health, Shanna N. Cox, MSPH, Div of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Nancy E. Cheal, PhD, Div of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities; Yvonne Green, MSN, Office of Women's Health, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Dafna Kanny, [email protected], 770-488-5411.

References

1. CDC. Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost—United States, 2001. MMWR 2004;53:866–70.
2. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000. Available at http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/10report/intro.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2012.
3. Naimi TS, Lipscomb L, Brewer B, Gilbert B. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics 2003;111:1136–41.
4. Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Nelson HA. State alcohol-use estimates among youth and adults, 1993–2005. Am J Prev Med 2009;36:218–24.
5. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020. Accessed November 2, 2012.
6. CDC. Methodologic changes in the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 2011 and potential effects on prevalence estimates. MMWR 2012;61;410–3.
7. CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2011. MMWR 2012;61(No. SS-4).
8. Cremeens JL, Miller JW, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. Assessment of source and type of alcohol consumed by high school students: analyses from four states. J Addict Med 2009;3:204–10.
9. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Policy Information System. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2012. Available at http://www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov. Accessed November 2, 2012.
10. Holt JB, Miller JW, Naimi TS, Sui DZ. Religious affiliation and alcohol consumption in the United States. Geographical Review 2006;96:523–42.
11. CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking among high school students and adults—United States, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:1274–9.
12. Jernigan DH, Ostroff J, Ross C, O'Hara JA. Sex differences in adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:629–34.
13. Anderson P, de Bruijn A, Angus K, Gordon R, Hastings G. Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol Alcohol 2009;44:229–43.
14. Siegel MB, Naimi TS, Cremeens JL, Nelson DE. Alcoholic beverage preferences and associated drinking patterns and risk behaviors among high school youth. Am J Prev Med 2011;40:419–26.
15. CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR 2012;61:14–9.
16. Frezza M, di Padova C, Pozzato G, Terpin M, Baraona E, Lieber CS. High blood alcohol levels in women: the role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med 1990;322:95–9.
17. Stockwell T, Donath S, Cooper-Stanbury M, Chikritzhs T, Catalano P, Mateo C. Under-reporting of alcohol consumption in household surveys: a comparison of quantity-frequency, graduated-frequency and recent recall. Addiction 2004;99:1024–33.
18. Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. U.S. state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010:105:1589–96.
19. Chavez PR, Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Impact of a new gender-specific definition for binge drinking on prevalence estimates for women. Am J Prev Med 2011;40:468–71.
20. Task Force on Community Prevention Services. The guide to community preventive services. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/library/book/index.html. Accessed October 31, 2012.
21. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:555–7.