Availability of an Assay for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Including Rifampin-Resistant Strains, and Considerations for Its Use — United States, 2013

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In August 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted marketing of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California) to detect DNA of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and genetic mutations associated with resistance to rifampin (RMP) in unprocessed sputum and concentrated sputum sediments (1). Along with clinical, radiographic, and other laboratory findings, results of the assay aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The assay is a nucleic acid amplification-based (NAA)* test using a disposable cartridge in conjunction with the GeneXpert Instrument System. Sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detection of MTBC appear to be comparable with other FDA-approved NAA assays for this use, although direct comparison studies have not been performed. Sensitivity of detection of RMP resistance was 95% and specificity 99% in a multicenter study using archived and prospective specimens from subjects aged ≥18 years suspected of having TB who had 0–3 days of antituberculous treatment (1). CDC continues to recommend following published U.S. guidelines for TB diagnosis and infection control practice, including the use and interpretation of NAA test results (2–4). Providers and laboratories need to ensure that specimens are available for other recommended mycobacteriological testing. The Xpert MTB/RIF assay aids in the prompt diagnosis of TB and RMP-resistant disease. RMP resistance most often coexists with isoniazid (INH) resistance; TB that is resistant to both drugs is multidrug-resistant (MDR)† TB. Because the prevalence of RMP resistance is low in the United States (about 1.8% of TB cases) (5), a positive result indicating a mutation in the rpoB gene of MTBC should be confirmed by rapid DNA sequencing for prompt reassessment of the treatment regimen and followed by growth-based drug susceptibility testing (DST) (1,6,7). CDC offers these services free of charge.§

The World Health Organization has published guidance on use of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay aimed primarily at settings where the prevalence of TB and drug-resistant disease is much higher than in the United States (8).

Detection of MTBC

In 2008, the Association of Public Health Laboratories and CDC convened a panel¶ that recommended NAA testing as standard practice in the United States to aid in the initial diagnosis of patients with suspected TB. On the basis of the panel report (7) and consultation with the Advisory Council for the Elimination of TB, CDC published revised NAA guidelines, including a detailed testing and interpretation algorithm for initial diagnosis (4). Recent studies further support NAA test use in the United States to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment, especially for patients with suspected TB and sputum smears negative for acid-fast bacilli on microscopy. Because of rapid results, NAA testing can help avoid unnecessary respiratory isolation, treatment, and contact investigation of patients without TB (9)** and can contribute to system cost savings in patients with HIV infection, homelessness, or substance abuse, compared with smear microscopy alone (9).

CDC recommends that NAA testing be performed on at least one (preferably the first) respiratory specimen from each patient suspected of pulmonary TB for whom a diagnosis of TB is being considered but has not yet been established, and for whom the test result would alter case management or TB control activities (4). The recommendation emphasizes the need for NAA testing in the initial diagnosis and for triaging public health interventions such as contact investigations and infection control decisions. Parallel guidance for the use of NAA TB testing in patients infected with HIV has been published (10). NAA testing does not replace the need for culture; all patients suspected of TB should have specimens collected for mycobacterial culture (4).

Practical Considerations for Use of the Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for Detection of Mutations Associated with RMP Resistance

CDC presents these interim practical considerations for incorporation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay into diagnostic algorithms. For any test, even with high sensitivity and specificity (including NAA testing, DNA sequencing, and growth-based DST), the positive predictive value is low for a rare condition; accordingly, health-care providers should consult with their public health laboratory for confirmation by rapid molecular detection of mutations associated with drug resistance. To confirm a positive result, genetic loci associated with RMP resistance (to include rpoB), as well as INH resistance (to include inhA and katG) should be sequenced to assess for MDR TB. If mutations associated with RMP resistance are confirmed, rapid molecular testing for other known mutations associated with drug resistance (to first-line and second-line drugs) is needed for health-care providers to select an optimally effective treatment regimen. All molecular testing should prompt growth-based DST (6,7). Laboratories should report an Xpert MTB/RIF assay positive for RMP resistance pending confirmatory results (Table 1). Note that although an Xpert MTB/RIF assay result positive for MTBC and negative for RMP resistance has high negative predictive value†† for ruling out RMP resistance, growth-based DST to first-line TB drugs is still necessary. Consultation with a TB expert is recommended if the clinician is not experienced in the interpretation of NAA and other molecular test results or the diagnosis and treatment of TB. This is especially important in cases of suspected drug resistance (3).

Considerations for Infection Control

CDC recommends airborne infection isolation (AII) precautions for patients with suspected TB disease of the lungs, airway, or larynx in health-care settings (3,10). AII precautions may be discontinued when contagious TB disease is considered unlikely and either 1) another diagnosis is made that explains the clinical syndrome or 2) the patient has three consecutive sputum smears negative for acid-fast bacilli on microscopy. Because of the intermittent presence of TB bacilli in the sputum of patients with TB, three specimens separated in time have been recommended to have a sufficiently high predictive value for excluding contagious disease.

Because NAA testing, including that with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, is significantly more sensitive and specific for the detection of MTBC than microscopy alone, substitution of Xpert MTB/RIF assay results that are negative for MTBC for microscopy results increases the negative predictive value for MTBC. Therefore, in ruling out contagious TB, specimens can be tested by microscopy, NAA, or a combination of the two (Table 2) (2,10). Three sputum specimens, each collected 8–24 hours apart, with one being an early morning specimen, should be collected to inform decisions regarding the discontinuation of AII precautions for patients with suspected TB in health-care settings. For patients with a diagnosis of TB, decisions regarding discontinuation of AII precautions should be based on microscopy (i.e., three consecutive negative smears) and other clinical criteria (10).

Reported by

Div of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Michael F. Iademarco, [email protected], 404-639-8120.

References

1. Xpert MTB/RIF assay [package insert]. Sunnyvale, CA: Cepheid; 2013.
2. American Thoracic Society, CDC. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161(4 pt 1):1376–95.
3. CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-17).
4. CDC. Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. MMWR 2009;58:7–10.
5. CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2011.
6. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Susceptibility testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and Other Aerobic Actinomycete. Approved Standard. Second Edition, M24A2E, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2011.
7. CDC. Report of an expert consultation on the uses of nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Atlanta, GA: U.S Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2008. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/laboratory/rapidmoleculartesting/MolDSTreport.pdf.
8. World Health Organization. Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF system. Policy statement. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44586.
9. Marks SM, Cronin W, Venkatappa T, et al. The health-system benefits and cost-effectiveness of using Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct nucleic acid amplification testing to diagnose tuberculosis disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:532–42.
10. IDSA/NIH. Prevention and treatment of OI guidelines. Available at http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines.