Notes from the Field: Investigation of Carbapenemase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Among Patients at a Community Hospital — Kentucky, 2016

Carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) express plasmid-encoded carbapenemases, enzymes that inactivate carbapenem antibiotics. They have the potential for epidemic spread through person-to-person transmission and horizontal transfer of resistance mechanisms (1,2). Typically, CP-CRE are associated with health care exposure. Clinical CRE infections can have mortality rates as high as 50% (3); however, the majority of CRE patients are asymptomatic. These asymptomatic colonized patients can serve as a source for transmission to other patients (4).

On August 11, 2016, two Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)–producing CP-CRE isolates from clinical cultures were reported from patients hospitalized at a rural, community hospital in Kentucky; CRE had not been identified previously at this facility. During the next 4 months, an additional 21 CRE isolates were identified from facility patients, resulting in a total of 23 isolates, including 17 K. pneumoniae, five Escherichia coli, and one Enterobacter cloacae isolate. Seventeen (74%) of these isolates were identified through patient screening cultures; the rest were from clinical cultures. Two carbapenemase types were identified through testing of 14 available isolates; 13 produced KPC and one produced New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase. All CP-CRE were K. pneumoniae with the exception of two KPC-producing E. coli. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of these isolates identified three indistinguishable pairs, one of which was the KPC-producing E. coli isolates. Medical chart review and patient interviews indicated that the patients from whom each pair had been isolated had exposure to the emergency department or to the same medical-surgical ward, suggesting transmission on these units. Common health care exposures outside the hospital were not identified among the three pairs. Five of 13 interviewed patients reported receipt of health care outside the local area; three might have introduced CP-CRE into the facility, including one patient who was not screened at admission and two who had CRE identified from admission screening. Targeted environmental cultures identified CP-CRE on an emergency department environmental services cart and from the floor sink drain of the involved medical-surgical ward’s environmental services closet.

This investigation suggested CP-CRE in this Kentucky facility was likely attributable to both importation into and transmission within the facility and highlights two points relevant to CP-CRE control. First, demonstration of environmental services cart contamination is notable and suggests a possible role for cleaning equipment in CP-CRE spread. This equipment can move between patient rooms and might not be cleaned regularly. Further investigation is needed to better understand the role of this equipment in transmission of resistant organisms in health care facilities. Second, although CP-CRE has been primarily identified from urban areas, these multidrug-resistant organisms can be introduced into rural areas by patients with exposure to health care in higher CP-CRE–prevalence areas, resulting in local transmission. Facilities in lower CP-CRE–prevalence areas that treat patients who also access care in higher prevalence areas should be aware of this risk. Recommendations to this facility included initiation of CRE surveillance for patients at high risk (e.g., patients with health care exposures during the past year in areas with known higher CP-CRE prevalence); reinforcement of daily and terminal cleaning practices by the environmental services team, including daily cleaning of environmental services carts; and working with facilities in its patient-sharing network to implement a regional CP-CRE prevention strategy (5,6).

Corresponding author: Sae-Rom Chae, [email protected], 404-718-1421.

¹Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; ²Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; ³Kentucky Department for Public Health; ⁴Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; ⁵Division of State and Local Readiness, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, CDC.

References

1. CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html
2. CDC. Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:165–70. PubMed
3. Patel G, Huprikar S, Factor SH, Jenkins SG, Calfee DP. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:1099–106. CrossRef PubMed
4. Guh AY, Bulens SN, Mu Y, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US communities, 2012–2013. JAMA 2015;314:1479–87. CrossRef PubMed
5. CDC. Facility guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)—November 2015 update CRE toolkit. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cre/cre-toolkit/index.html
6. Munoz-Price LS. Long-term acute care hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:438–43. CrossRef PubMed