Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2016

The U.S. Surgeon General has concluded that the burden of death and disease from tobacco use in the United States is overwhelmingly caused by cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products (1). Cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among U.S. adults, and about 480,000 U.S. deaths per year are caused by cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure (1). To assess progress toward the Healthy People 2020 target of reducing the proportion of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years who smoke cigarettes to ≤12.0% (objective TU-1.1),* CDC analyzed data from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In 2016, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults was 15.5%, which was a significant decline from 2005 (20.9%); however, no significant change has occurred since 2015 (15.1%). In 2016, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher among adults who were male, aged 25–64 years, American Indian/Alaska Native or multiracial, had a General Education Development (GED) certificate, lived below the federal poverty level, lived in the Midwest or South, were uninsured or insured through Medicaid, had a disability/limitation, were lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB), or had serious psychological distress. During 2005–2016, the percentage of ever smokers who quit smoking increased from 50.8% to 59.0%. Proven population-based interventions are critical to reducing the health and economic burden of smoking-related diseases among U.S. adults, particularly among subpopulations with the highest smoking prevalences (1,2).

NHIS is an annual, nationally representative in-person survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population. The NHIS core questionnaire is administered to a randomly selected adult in the household (the sample adult). In 2016, the NHIS was administered to 33,028 adults aged ≥18 years; the response rate was 54.3%. Current cigarette smokers were respondents who reported having smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime and were smoking every day or some days at the time of interview. Former smokers were respondents who reported having smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime but were not smoking at the time of interview. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was calculated among daily smokers. Quit ratios were defined as the ratio of former smokers to ever smokers (i.e., persons who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime).

Data were weighted to adjust for differences in the probability of selection and nonresponse and to provide nationally representative estimates. Current smoking was assessed overall and by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, poverty status,^† U.S. Census region,^§ health insurance coverage at the time of survey,^¶ disability/limitation status,** sexual orientation,^†† and presence or absence of serious psychological distress.^§§ Differences between groups were assessed using a Wald F test, with statistical significance defined as p<0.05. Population counts were estimated from extrapolated probability weights, rounded down to the nearest 10,000 persons. Quit ratios were calculated overall and by age group. Logistic regression was used to assess overall trends in prevalence, cigarettes smoked per day, and quit ratios during 2005–2016, controlling for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. T-tests were performed to examine differences between 2015 and 2016.

In 2016, 15.5% (37.8 million) of U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers (Table). Overall, smoking prevalence did not change significantly from 2015 (15.1%) to 2016 (15.5%). Current cigarette smoking prevalence was higher among males (17.5%) than among females (13.5%). By age group, prevalence was higher among adults aged 25–44 years (17.6%) and 45–64 years (18.0%) than among those aged 18–24 years (13.1%) or ≥65 years (8.8%). Prevalence was highest among American Indian/Alaska Natives (31.8%) and lowest among non-Hispanic Asians (9.0%). Among adults aged ≥25 years, prevalence was highest among persons with a GED (40.6%) and lowest among those with a graduate degree (4.5%). Prevalence was higher among persons living below the poverty level (25.3%) than those at or above this level (14.3%). By region, prevalence was higher in the Midwest (18.5%) and South (16.9%) than the West (12.3%) or Northeast (13.3%). By insurance status, prevalence was higher among Medicaid enrollees (25.3%) and uninsured adults (28.4%) than among those covered by private insurance (11.8%), Medicare only (10.2%), or other public insurance (19.8%). Prevalence was higher among adults with a disability/limitation (21.2%) than among those with no disability/limitation (14.4%). Prevalence was higher among LGB adults (20.5%) than among heterosexual adults (15.3%) and among adults with serious psychological distress (35.8%) than among those without serious psychological distress (14.7%).

Among current smokers, the proportion of daily smokers was 76.1% in 2016, which declined from 2005 (80.8%, p-value for trend <0.05) (data not shown). Whereas mean number of cigarettes smoked per day declined from 2005 (16.7) to 2016 (14.1) among daily smokers (p-value for trend <0.05), no change occurred between 2015 (14.2) and 2016 (14.1) (data not shown). During 2005–2016, increases occurred in the proportion of daily smokers who smoked 1–9 cigarettes per day (from 16.4% to 25.0%) or 10–19 (from 36.0% to 39.0%) cigarettes per day (Figure 1). At the same time, decreases occurred in the proportion of daily smokers who smoked 20–29 (from 34.9% to 28.4%) or ≥30 (from 12.7% to 7.5%) cigarettes per day during 2005–2016 (p-value for trend <0.05). No significant changes in any category of number of cigarettes smoked per day occurred during 2015–2016.

The overall quit ratio increased from 50.8% in 2005 to 59.0% in 2016 (p<0.05). During 2005–2016, the largest increase in quit ratios occurred among adults aged 25–44 years (from 37.0% to 48.9% [p<0.05]) (Figure 2).

Corresponding author: Ahmed Jamal, [email protected], 770-488-5493.

¹Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.

References

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Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native; CI = confidence interval; GED = General Education Development certificate.
* Persons who reported smoking ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime and who, at the time of interview, reported smoking every day or some days. Excludes 111 respondents whose smoking status was unknown.
^† Population estimates are calculated from extrapolated probability weights and are rounded down to the nearest 10,000 persons. Therefore, they may not add up to the overall population estimate.
^§ Excludes 89 respondents of non-Hispanic unknown race. Unless otherwise indicated, all racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic; Hispanics can be of any race.
^¶ Does not include Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders.
** Among persons aged ≥25 years. Excludes 107 persons whose education level was unknown.
^†† Family income is reported by the family respondent who might or might not be the same as the sample adult respondent from whom smoking information is collected. 2016 estimates are based on reported family income and family size, based on the 2015 poverty thresholds published by the U.S. Census Bureau.
^§§ Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
^¶¶ Private coverage: Includes adults who had any comprehensive private insurance plan (including health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations). Medicaid: For adults aged <65 years, includes adults who do not have private coverage, but who have Medicaid or other state-sponsored health plans including Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). For adults aged ≥65 years, includes adults who do not have any private coverage but have Medicare and Medicaid or other state-sponsored health plans including CHIP; Medicare only: Includes older adults who only have Medicare coverage; Other coverage: Includes adults who do not have private insurance, Medicaid, or other public coverage, but who have any type of military coverage or Medicare (for those aged <65 years). This category also includes adults who are covered by other government programs. Uninsured: Includes adults who have not indicated that they are covered at the time of the interview under private health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, a state-sponsored health plan, other government programs, or military coverage.
*** Disability/limitation was defined based on self-reported presence of selected impairments including vision, hearing, cognition, and movement. Limitations in performing activities of daily living was defined based on response to the question, “Does [person] have difficulty dressing or bathing?” Limitations in performing instrumental activities of daily living was defined based on response to the question, “Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does [person] have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor’s office or shopping?” Any disability/limitation was defined as a “yes” response pertaining to at least one of the disabilities/limitations listed (e.g., vision, hearing, cognition, movement, activities of daily living, or instrumental activities of daily living). A random sample of half the respondents from the 2016 Person File were asked about disability/limitation. Disability/limitation estimates (%, population estimate) were obtained used the specific adult disability weight.
^††† Response options provided on the National Health Interview Survey were “straight, that is, not gay” for men, and “straight, that is, not gay or lesbian” for women.
^§§§ The Kessler psychological distress scale is a series of six questions that ask about feelings of sadness, nervousness, restlessness, worthlessness, and feeling like everything is an effort in the past 30 days. Participants were asked to respond on a Likert Scale ranging between “None of the time” (score = 0) and “All of the time” (score = 4). Responses were summed over the six questions; any person with a score of ≥13 was coded as having serious psychological distress, and respondents with a score <13 were coded as not having serious psychological distress.

FIGURE 1. Percentage of daily smokers* aged ≥18 years who smoked 1–9, 10–19, 20–29, and ≥30 cigarettes per day — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2005–2016

* Persons who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime and reported smoking cigarettes every day at the time of interview.

The figure above is a line graph showing the percentage of daily smokers aged ≥18 years who smoked 1–9, 10–19, 20–29, and ≥30 cigarettes per day, in the United States, during 2005–2016.

FIGURE 2. Quit ratios* among ever smokers^† aged ≥18 years, overall and by age group — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2005–2016^§

* Quit ratios defined as the ratio of former smokers to ever smokers for each survey year.

^† Respondents aged ≥18 years who reported having smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime.

^§ p-value for trend 2005–2016 adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity: overall: p<0.0001; 18–24 years: p = 0.0064; 25–44 years: p<0.0001; 45–64 years: p = 0.0002; ≥65 years: p = 0.0874.

The figure above is a line graph showing the quit ratios among ever smokers aged ≥18 years, overall and by age group, in the United States, during 2005–2016.