Health-Risk Behaviors and Chronic Conditions Among Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease — United States, 2015 and 2016

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In 2015, an estimated 3.1 million adults in the United States had ever received a diagnosis of IBD (1). Nationally representative samples of adults with IBD have been unavailable or too small to assess relationships between IBD and other chronic conditions and health-risk behaviors (2). To assess the prevalence of health-risk behaviors and chronic conditions among adults with and without IBD, CDC aggregated survey data from the 2015 and 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). An estimated 3.1 million (unadjusted lifetime prevalence = 1.3%) U.S. adults had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. Adults with IBD had a significantly lower prevalence of having never smoked cigarettes than did adults without the disease (55.9% versus 63.5%). Adults with IBD had significantly higher prevalences than did those without the disease in the following categories: having smoked and quit (26.0% versus 21.0%; having met neither aerobic nor muscle-strengthening activity guidelines (50.4% versus 45.2%); reporting <7 hours of sleep, on average, during a 24-hour period (38.2% versus 32.2%); and having serious psychological distress (7.4% versus 3.4%). In addition, nearly all of the chronic conditions evaluated were more common among adults with IBD than among adults without IBD. Understanding the health-risk behaviors and prevalence of certain chronic conditions among adults with IBD could inform clinical practice and lead to better disease management.

The NHIS is a cross-sectional household health survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. The survey provides nationally representative data on a broad range of topics, including health status, health behaviors, and access to and use of health care.* Data on diagnosed IBD (hereafter referred to as IBD) were collected with the Sample Adult Core questionnaire using the following question: “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis?” The sample adult is randomly selected from all adults aged ≥18 years in the family and answers for himself/herself (unless physically or mentally unable to do so, in which case a knowledgeable adult serves as a proxy respondent). Interviews are conducted in respondents’ homes, although follow-ups by telephone to complete missing sections are permitted. To ensure more precise estimates of IBD status, the 2015 and 2016 Sample Adult data files were combined with the 2-year response rate of 54.7%.^†

The prevalence of IBD, with 95% confidence intervals, was estimated for the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population overall and by various sociodemographic characteristics. These characteristics, collected with the Household Composition and Family Core questionnaires, included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, current employment status, nativity, health insurance coverage type (reported separately for adults aged <65 and ≥65 years), urbanicity, and region of residence. Next, the prevalence of five health-risk behaviors^§ (cigarette smoking status, binge drinking, body mass index [BMI] category, meeting of federal physical activity guidelines, and short sleep duration), serious psychological distress^¶ (a proxy for mental health symptoms), and several chronic conditions** (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, weak or failing kidneys, any liver condition, and ulcer) were estimated separately for adults with and without IBD. All prevalence estimates met the reliability standard of relative standard errors <30%^†† and were age-adjusted to the projected 2000 U.S. population^§§ (unless otherwise noted). For comparison of IBD prevalence by subgroup and prevalence of health-risk behaviors and chronic conditions by IBD status, differences were considered significant if two-tailed Z-tests yielded p-values <0.05. All comparisons described in the results were statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using statistical software to account for the stratified, complex cluster sampling design of the survey. Estimates incorporated the final sample adult weights adjusted for nonresponse and calibrated to population control totals to generalize the estimates to the civilian noninstitutionalized population aged ≥18 years.

In 2015 and 2016, 3.1 million (unadjusted lifetime prevalence of 1.3%; age-adjusted lifetime prevalence of 1.2%) U.S. adults had ever received a diagnosis of IBD (Table 1). The age-specific prevalence of IBD was higher among adults aged 45–64 and ≥65 years (both 1.7%) than among those aged 18–24 (0.5%) or 25–44 (1.0%) years. The prevalence of IBD was higher among women (1.5%) than among men (1.0%); among non-Hispanic white adults (1.4%) than among non-Hispanic black adults (0.6%) or other non-Hispanic adults (0.8%); among those with less than a high school education (1.6%) than among those with at least a bachelor’s degree (1.1%); among those who were divorced, separated, or widowed (2.3%) than among persons who were married or cohabitating (1.1%); among currently unemployed (1.6%) or U.S.-born (1.3%) adults than their employed (1.1%) and non–U.S.-born (0.8%) counterparts; and among adults living in small metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (1.4%) than among those living in large MSAs (1.1%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ significantly among groups defined by health insurance coverage type or region of residence.

Being a former smoker was more prevalent among adults with IBD (26.0%) than among adults without IBD (21.0%), and having never smoked was less prevalent among adults with IBD (55.9%) than among those without IBD (63.5%) (Table 2). In addition, adults with IBD had higher prevalences than those without IBD of sleeping <7 hours per day (38.2% versus 32.2%) and meeting neither aerobic nor muscle-strengthening physical activity guidelines (50.4% versus 45.2%). No statistically significant difference was detected in the prevalence of binge drinking or BMI category between the two groups. The prevalence of experiencing serious psychological distress was reported twice as frequently by adults with IBD (7.4%) than by those without IBD (3.4%). Among the selected chronic conditions, with the exception of diabetes, all were significantly more prevalent among adults with IBD than among those without IBD (Table 2). The prevalence of ulcer was nearly five times higher among adults with IBD (26.0%) than among those without IBD (5.5%).

Corresponding author: Fang Xu, [email protected], 770-488-4563.

¹Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; ²Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC.

References

1. Dahlhamer JM, Zammitti EP, Ward BW, Wheaton AG, Croft JB. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among adults aged ≥18 years—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1166–9. CrossRef PubMed
2. Long MD, Hutfless S, Kappelman MD, et al. Challenges in designing a national surveillance program for inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014;20:398–415. CrossRef PubMed
3. Ghosh S, Mitchell R. Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on quality of life: results of the European Federation of Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Associations (EFCCA) patient survey. J Crohn’s Colitis 2007;1:10–20. CrossRef PubMed
4. Kappelman MD, Moore KR, Allen JK, Cook SF. Recent trends in the prevalence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in a commercially insured US population. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:519–25. CrossRef PubMed
5. Longobardi T, Jacobs P, Bernstein CN. Work losses related to inflammatory bowel disease in the United States: results from the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1064–72. CrossRef PubMed
6. Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Geographic distributions of microscopic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:2288–93. CrossRef PubMed
7. Farraye FA, Melmed GY, Lichtenstein GR, Kane SV. ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:241–58. CrossRef PubMed
8. Engels M, Cross RK, Long MD. Exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: current perspectives. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017;11:1–11. CrossRef PubMed
9. Román ALS, Muñoz F. Comorbidity in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:2723–33. CrossRef PubMed
10. Guthrie E, Jackson J, Shaffer J, Thompson D, Tomenson B, Creed F. Psychological disorder and severity of inflammatory bowel disease predict health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1994–9. CrossRef PubMed

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; GED = General Educational Development certificate; MSA = metropolitan statistical area; NA = not applicable.
* Respondents who had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
^† The estimated annual numbers, rounded to 1,000s, were calculated based on 2015 and 2016 data. Counts for adults of unknown status (responses coded as “refused,” “don’t know,” or “not ascertained”) with respect to inflammatory bowel disease status are not shown separately in the table, nor are they included in the calculation of percentages (as part of either denominator or the numerator), to provide a more straightforward presentation of the data. In addition, frequencies presented in the table might be underestimated because of item nonresponse and unknowns.
^§ Estimates (except for age groups and crude total) are age-adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population distribution #8 as the standard population and four age groups: 18–24, 25–44, 45–64, and ≥65 years. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf.
^¶ Non-Hispanic other includes non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native only, non-Hispanic Asian only, non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander only, and non-Hispanic multiple race.
** U.S.-born includes all persons born in the United States or a United States territory.
^†† Based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Adults with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first category in the hierarchy. “Uninsured” includes adults who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one type of service such as accidents or dental care.
^§§ In the survey sample, zero adults aged ≥65 years and uninsured had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
^¶¶ Large MSAs have a population size of ≥1 million; small MSAs have a population size of <1 million. Persons “Not in MSA” do not live in a metropolitan statistical area.
*** Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; IBD = inflammatory bowel disease.
* Respondents who had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
^† The estimated annual numbers, rounded to 1,000s, were calculated based on the 2015 and 2016 data. Counts for adults of unknown status (responses coded as “refused,” “don’t know,” or “not ascertained”) with respect to IBD status are not shown separately in the table, nor are they included in the calculation of percentages (as part of either denominator or the numerator), to provide a more straightforward presentation of the data. In addition, frequencies presented in the table might be underestimated because of item nonresponse and unknowns.
^§ Estimates are age-adjusted using the projected 2000 U.S. population as the standard population and four age groups: 18–24, 25–44, 45–64, and ≥65 years.
^¶ Cigarette smoking status was defined as current, former, or never smoker. Current smokers reported having smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoking cigarettes some days or every day. Former smokers reported having smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime but were not current smokers at the time of the survey. Never smokers reported they had not smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
** Statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between adults with IBD and adults without IBD.
^†† Binge drinking ≥12 days in the past year was defined according to a response of the number of days to the question “In the past year, on how many days did you have 5 or more [for men]/4 or more drinks [for women] of any alcoholic beverage?”
^§§ BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m²) based on responses to the questions “How tall are you without shoes?” and “How much do you weigh without shoes?” BMI (kg/m²) was categorized as underweight (<18.5), normal weight (≥18.5 and <25.0), overweight (≥25.0 and <30.0), or obese (≥30.0).
^¶¶ The definition of physical activity categories followed 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf). Both aerobic and muscle-strengthening guidelines are met if participants reported ≥150 minutes of moderate or ≥75 minutes of vigorous equivalent aerobic activity per week and muscle strengthening activities on ≥2 days per week.
*** Short sleep duration was defined as <7 hours in response to the question “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?”
^††† Serious psychological distress is based on responses to six questions that ask how often a respondent experienced certain symptoms (feeling so sad nothing could cheer you up; nervous; restless or fidgety; hopeless; that everything was an effort; worthless) of psychological distress during the past 30 days. The response codes (0–4) of the six items for each person are summed to yield a scale with a 0–24 range. A value of ≥13 for this scale is used here to define serious psychological distress.
^§§§ Cardiovascular disease included a history of any of the following conditions: coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, or any heart disease. Respiratory disease included a history of any of the following conditions: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma. Cancer included cancer or a malignancy of any kind. Diabetes was defined as an affirmative response to the question “Other than during pregnancy, have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?” Arthritis was defined as an affirmative response to the question “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia?” Weak or failing kidneys was defined as an affirmative response to the question “During the past 12 months, have you been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had weak or failing kidneys? Do not include kidney stones, bladder infections or incontinence.” Any liver condition was defined as an affirmative response to the question “During the past 12 months, have you been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had any kind of liver condition?” Ulcer was defined as an affirmative response to the question “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had an ulcer?”