Overdose Deaths Involving Opioids, Cocaine, and Psychostimulants — United States, 2015–2016

Weekly / March 30, 2018 / 67(12);349–358

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Puja Seth, PhD1; Lawrence Scholl, PhD1,2; Rose A. Rudd, MSPH1; Sarah Bacon, PhD1 (View author affiliations)

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Summary

What is already known about this topic?

From 1999 to 2015, the drug overdose epidemic resulted in approximately 568,699 deaths. In 2015, 52,404 drug overdose deaths occurred; 63.1% (33,091) involved an opioid. From 2014 to 2015, the age-adjusted opioid-involved death rate increased by 15.6%; the rapid increase in deaths was driven in large part by synthetic opioids other than methadone (e.g., fentanyl).

What is added by this report?

In 2016, there were 63,632 drug overdose deaths in the United States. Opioids accounted for 66.4% (42,249) of deaths, with increases across age groups, racial/ethnic groups, urbanization levels, and multiple states. Age-adjusted death rates for overdoses involving synthetic opioids other than methadone doubled from 2015 to 2016, and death rates from prescription opioids, heroin, cocaine, and psychostimulants also increased.

What are the implications for public health practice?

There is an urgent need to implement a multifaceted, collaborative public health and public safety approach. Building on existing resources, more rapidly available and comprehensive surveillance data are needed to track emerging drug threats to guide public action to prevent and respond to the epidemic through increased naloxone availability, harm reduction services, linkage into treatment (including medication-assisted treatment), safe prescribing practices, and supporting law enforcement strategies to reduce the illicit drug supply.

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During 1999‒2015, 568,699 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States.* Drug overdose deaths in the United States increased 11.4% from 2014 to 2015 resulting in 52,404 deaths in 2015, including 33,091 (63.1%) that involved an opioid. The largest rate increases from 2014 to 2015 occurred among deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (synthetic opioids) (72.2%) (1). Because of demographic and geographic variations in overdose deaths involving different drugs (2,3),† CDC examined age-adjusted death rates for overdoses involving all opioids, opioid subcategories (i.e., prescription opioids, heroin, and synthetic opioids),§ cocaine, and psychostimulants with abuse potential (psychostimulants) by demographics, urbanization levels, and in 31 states and the District of Columbia (DC). There were 63,632 drug overdose deaths in 2016; 42,249 (66.4%) involved an opioid. From 2015 to 2016, deaths increased across all drug categories examined. The largest overall rate increases occurred among deaths involving cocaine (52.4%) and synthetic opioids (100%), likely driven by illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) (2,3). Increases were observed across demographics, urbanization levels, and states and DC. The opioid overdose epidemic in the United States continues to worsen. A multifaceted approach, with faster and more comprehensive surveillance, is needed to track emerging threats to prevent and respond to the overdose epidemic through naloxone availability, safe prescribing practices, harm-reduction services, linkage into treatment, and more collaboration between public health and public safety agencies.

Drug overdose deaths were identified in the National Vital Statistics System multiple cause-of-death mortality files,** using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), based on ICD-10 underlying cause-of-death codes X40–44 (unintentional), X60–64 (suicide), X85 (homicide), or Y10–Y14 (undetermined intent). Among deaths with drug overdose as the underlying cause, the type of drug or drug category is indicated by the following ICD-10 multiple cause-of-death codes: opioids (T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.4, or T40.6)††; natural/semisynthetic opioids (T40.2); methadone (T40.3); heroin (T40.1); synthetic opioids other than methadone (T40.4); cocaine (T40.5); and psychostimulants with abuse potential (T43.6). Some deaths involved more than one type of drug; these deaths were included in the rates for each drug category. Therefore, categories are not mutually exclusive.§§

Age-adjusted overdose death rates¶¶ were examined for 2015 and 2016 for all opioids, opioid subcategories (prescription opioids [i.e., natural/semisynthetic opioids and methadone] (4), heroin, and synthetic opioids), cocaine, and psychostimulants in the United States and by age, sex, racial/ethnic group, urbanization level,*** and state. State-level analyses included 31 states and DC that met the following criteria: 1) ≥80% of drug overdose death certificates named at least one specific drug in 2015 and 2016; 2) change from 2015 to 2016 in the percentage of death certificates reporting at least one specific drug was <10 percentage points†††; and 3) ≥20 deaths occurred during 2015 and 2016 in at least two drug categories examined. These inclusion criteria were selected to ensure accurate examination of death rates and increases. Relative change in age-adjusted rates and absolute change were calculated. Significance was assessed using z-tests when the number of deaths was ≥100 (p<0.05) and nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on a gamma distribution when the number of deaths was <100.§§§

In the United States, 63,632 drug overdose deaths occurred in 2016; the age-adjusted rate of overdose deaths increased significantly (21.5%) from 16.3 in 2015 to 19.8 in 2016. Opioids were involved in 42,249 (66.4%) drug overdose deaths (13.3 per 100,000 population) in 2016, representing a 27.9% rate increase from 2015 (Table 1). These increases primarily were driven by deaths involving synthetic opioids, for which the rate doubled from 2015 to 2016 (Table 2). Rates of overdose deaths involving prescription opioids and heroin increased by 10.6% and 19.5%, respectively (Table 1) (Table 2), and rates of overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants increased by 52.4% and 33.3%, respectively (Table 3).

From 2015 to 2016, opioid-involved deaths increased in males and females and among persons aged ≥15 years, whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. The largest relative rate change occurred among blacks (56.1%) (Table 1). The largest absolute rate increases of opioid-involved deaths and deaths involving synthetic opioids occurred among males aged 25–44 years and persons aged 25–34 years. However, deaths involving synthetic opioids increased in every subgroup examined (Table 2). Rates involving prescription opioids, heroin, cocaine, and psychostimulants increased for both sexes, whites, blacks, and most age groups (Table 1) (Table 2) (Table 3). Counties in large central and fringe metro areas experienced the largest absolute increases in deaths involving prescription and synthetic opioids, heroin, and cocaine; micropolitan areas experienced the largest increase in rates involving psychostimulants (Table 1) (Table 2) (Table 3).

Opioid death rates differed across the 31 states and DC, with synthetic opioids driving increases in many states.¶¶¶ Although several states experienced increases across drug categories, in many, the changes from 2015 to 2016 were not significant. Rates of deaths involving synthetic opioids ranged from 0.9 to 30.3 per 100,000, with the largest rates and increases concentrated in eastern states. New Hampshire (30.3 per 100,000), West Virginia (26.3), and Massachusetts (23.5) had the highest synthetic opioid death rates. Twenty states and DC experienced increases in overdose death rates involving synthetic opioids, with 10 experiencing increases by ≥100%; the largest such increase (392.3%) occurred in DC, followed by Illinois (227.3%) and Maryland (206.9%) (Table 2). Many states with large increases in synthetic opioid death rates also had large increases in rates involving other drug categories (e.g., Maryland, Virginia, and DC), including any opioid, prescription opioids (Table 1), heroin (Table 2), and cocaine (Table 3).

Thirteen states and DC experienced significant increases in heroin-involved death rates, whereas a significant decrease (56.9%) occurred in New Hampshire (Table 2). In 2016, the highest rates were in DC (17.3 per 100,000), West Virginia (14.9), and Ohio (13.5). The rates of prescription opioid–involved overdose deaths significantly increased in seven states and DC, with the highest rates in West Virginia (19.7), Maryland (13.1), Maine (12.5), and Utah (12.5) (Table 1). The highest cocaine-involved overdose death rates occurred in DC (13.5), Rhode Island (10.7), and Ohio (10.1), with 15 states and DC experiencing a significant increase from 2015 (Table 3). Significant increases in overdose death rates from heroin, prescription opioids, and cocaine occurred primarily in states in the eastern part of the country. Fourteen states experienced significant increases in psychostimulant-involved overdose death rates. The highest rates were in midwestern and western states: Nevada (7.5), New Mexico (7.1), and Oklahoma (7.1) (Table 3).

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Discussion

Drug overdoses resulted in 632,331 deaths from 1999 to 2016 in the United States, with 351,630 being opioid overdose deaths.**** The epidemic has continued to worsen, with deaths increasing from 2015 to 2016 across all drug categories examined. Opioid-involved overdoses accounted for two thirds of drug overdose deaths, with increases across age and racial/ethnic groups, urbanization levels, and in numerous states. The findings highlight wide state and regional variations. Some states (e.g., New Hampshire, Ohio, and West Virginia,) experienced the highest overdose death rates across multiple drug categories, and others (primarily in the Midwest and West) recorded the highest rates of psychostimulant-involved overdose deaths. In New Hampshire, although heroin-involved death rates declined from 2015 to 2016, deaths involving synthetic opioids increased, as they did in most states. In addition, in some states (e.g., Maryland, Rhode Island, and West Virginia), 2016 rates of prescription opioid–involved deaths were higher than were those involving heroin. These data highlight the persistent and multifaceted nature of overdoses.

The first wave of opioid overdose deaths began in the 1990s and included prescription opioid deaths.†††† A second wave, which began in 2010, was characterized by heroin deaths (5). A third wave started in 2013, with deaths involving highly potent synthetic opioids, particularly IMF and fentanyl analogs (2,3,6).§§§§ Synthetic opioid-involved deaths in 2016 accounted for 30.5% of all drug overdose deaths and 45.9% of all opioid-involved deaths, with a 100% increase in the rate of these deaths compared with 2015. Synthetic opioids propelled increases with 19,413 deaths (more than any drug examined), and previous findings underscore the contribution of IMF. In addition, IMF is now being mixed into counterfeit opioid and benzodiazepine pills, heroin, and cocaine, likely contributing to increases in overdose death rates involving other substances (3,7,8).

The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, at autopsy, substances tested for, and circumstances under which tests are performed to determine which drugs are present, vary by time and jurisdiction, and improvements in toxicologic testing might account for some reported increases. Second, 17% (2015) and 15% (2016) of drug overdose death certificates did not include the specific types of drugs involved, and the percentage of drug overdose death certificates with at least one drug specified varied widely by state, ranging from 52.5% to 99.3% in 2016. This variation limits rate comparisons between states. Third, because heroin and morphine are metabolized similarly (9), some heroin deaths might have been misclassified as morphine deaths, resulting in underreporting of heroin deaths. Fourth, potential race misclassification might lead to underestimates for certain categories, primarily for American Indian/Alaska Natives and Asian/Pacific Islanders.¶¶¶¶ Finally, state-specific analyses are restricted to 31 states and DC, limiting generalizability.

The ongoing and worsening drug overdose epidemic requires immediate attention and action. Faster access to data collected is needed to understand emerging threats in local communities and to tailor response activities. CDC’s Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance program funds 32 states and DC for more timely and comprehensive nonfatal and fatal overdose data, including funding for improved comprehensive toxicologic testing to identify emerging drug threats in opioid-involved fatal overdoses.***** Syndromic surveillance data allow communities to identify overdoses quickly (10). The State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System provides improved collection of toxicology data to identify specific drugs involved (6), information gathered from death scene investigations, and risk factors associated with fatal overdoses. Given the continuing threat from prescription opioids and the evolving threat from illicit opioids and other substances, a multifaceted prevention approach is required. Efforts to ensure safe prescribing practices††††† are enhanced by access to nonopioid and nonpharmacologic treatments for pain. Other important efforts include increasing naloxone availability, expanding access to medication-assisted treatment, and maximizing the ability of health systems to link persons to treatment and harm reduction services (10). CDC supports many of these efforts through the Prevention for States and Data-Driven Prevention Initiatives,§§§§§ which together support opioid overdose prevention efforts in 42 states and DC. Collaboration with law enforcement, first responders, and harm reduction partners is also important to understanding local variations in drug supply and lethality and to implementing a multisectoral prevention approach.

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Conflict of Interest

No conflicts of interest were reported.

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Corresponding authors: Puja Seth, [email protected], 404-639-6334; Lawrence Scholl, [email protected], 404-498-1489.

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1Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC; 2Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC.

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* https://wonder.cdc.gov.

† https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2017-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf.

§ Natural opioids include morphine and codeine, and semisynthetic opioids include drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone. Methadone is a synthetic opioid. Synthetic opioids, other than methadone, include drugs such as tramadol and fentanyl. Heroin is an illicit opioid synthesized from morphine that can be a white or brown powder, or a black sticky substance.

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db294.htm.

** https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mortality_public_use_data.htm.

†† T40.0 (opium) and T40.6 (other and unspecified narcotics).

§§ For example, a death involving both a synthetic opioid other than methadone and heroin would be included in both the synthetic other than methadone and heroin death rates.

¶¶ Age-adjusted death rates were calculated by applying age-specific death rates to the 2000 U.S. Census standard population age distribution. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf.

*** Categories of 2013 NCHS Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm): Large central metro: Counties in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of ≥1 million population that 1) contain the entire population of largest principal city of the MSA, or 2) have their entire population contained in the largest principal city of the MSA, or 3) contain at least 250,000 inhabitants of any principal city of the MSA; Large fringe metro: Counties in MSAs of ≥1 million population that did not qualify as large central metro counties; Medium metro: Counties in MSAs of populations of 250,000–999,999; Small metro: Counties in MSAs of populations <250,000; Micropolitan (nonmetropolitan counties): counties in micropolitan statistical areas; Noncore (nonmetropolitan counties): nonmetropolitan counties that did not qualify as micropolitan.

††† States whose reporting of any specific drug or drugs involved in an overdose changed by ≥10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016 were excluded because drug-specific overdose numbers and rates might have changed substantially from 2015 to 2016 as a result of changes in reporting.

§§§ Z-tests were used if the number of deaths was ≥100, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on the gamma method were used if the number of deaths was <100 in 2015 or 2016. Note that the method of comparing confidence intervals is a conservative method for statistical significance; caution should be observed when interpreting a nonsignificant difference when the lower and upper limits being compared overlap only slightly.

¶¶¶ Maps and figures providing significant changes in drug overdose and opioid-involved overdose death rates by state are available on CDC’s Drug Overdose website: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data.

**** https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db294_table.pdf.

†††† https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db81.htm.

§§§§ 2017 National Drug Threat Assessment: https://www.dea.gov/docs/DIR-040-17_2017-NDTA.pdf; https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00384.asp; https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00395.asp.

¶¶¶¶ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.

***** https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/foa/state-opioid-mm.html.

††††† https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/prescribing/guideline.html.

§§§§§ https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/states/state_prevention.html; https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/foa/ddpi.html.

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References

  1. Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1445–52. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths—27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:837–43. CrossRef PubMed
  3. O’Donnell JK, Gladden RM, Seth P. Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by census region—United States, 2006–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:897–903. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Seth P, Rudd RA, Noonan RK, Haegerich TM. Quantifying the epidemic of prescription opioid overdose deaths. Am J Public Health 2018;108:500–2. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Rudd RA, Paulozzi LJ, Bauer MJ, et al. . Increases in heroin overdose deaths—28 states, 2010 to 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:849–54. PubMed
  6. O’Donnell JK, Halpin J, Mattson CL, Goldberger BA, Gladden RM. Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700—10 states, July–December 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1197–202. CrossRef PubMed
  7. McCall Jones C, Baldwin GT, Compton WM. Recent increases in cocaine-related overdose deaths and the role of opioids. Am J Public Health 2017;107:430–2. CrossRef PubMed
  8. Kandel DB, Hu MC, Griesler P, Wall M. Increases from 2002 to 2015 in prescription opioid overdose deaths in combination with other substances. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017;178:501–11. CrossRef PubMed
  9. Davis GG; National Association of Medical Examiners and American College of Medical Toxicology Expert Panel on Evaluating and Reporting Opioid Deaths. Complete republication: National Association of Medical Examiners position paper: recommendations for the investigation, diagnosis, and certification of deaths related to opioid drugs. J Med Toxicol 2014;10:100–6. CrossRef PubMed
  10. Vivolo-Kantor AM, Seth P, Gladden RW, et al. Vital signs: trends in emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdoses—United States, July 2016–September 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:279–85. CrossRef PubMed

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TABLE 1. Annual number and age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths* involving any opioid† and prescription opioids,§, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin,** urbanization level,†† and selected states§§ — United States, 2015 and 2016Return to your place in the text
Decedent characteristic Opioids Prescription opioids
2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶ 2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶
No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate
All 33,091   10.4 42,249   13.3   2.9***   27.9*** 15,281   4.7 17,087   5.2   0.5***   10.6***
Sex
Male 21,671   13.7 28,498   18.1   4.4***   32.1*** 8,617   5.4 9,978   6.2   0.8***   14.8***
Female 11,420   7.1 13,751   8.5   1.4***   19.7*** 6,664   4.0 7,109   4.3   0.3***   7.5***
Age group (yrs)
0–14 83   0.1 83   0.1   0.0   0.0 61   0.1 60   0.1   0.0   0.0
15–24 3,082   7.0 4,027   9.3   2.3***   32.9*** 886   2.0 1,146   2.6   0.6***   30.0***
25–34 8,568   19.4 11,552   25.9   6.5***   33.5*** 2,906   6.6 3,442   7.7   1.1***   16.7***
35–44 7,484   18.4 9,747   24.1   5.7***   31.0*** 3,390   8.4 3,727   9.2   0.8***   9.5***
45–54 7,595   17.6 9,074   21.2   3.6***   20.5*** 4,100   9.5 4,307   10.1   0.6***   6.3***
55–64 5,089   12.4 6,321   15.2   2.8***   22.6*** 3,101   7.6 3,489   8.4   0.8***   10.5***
≥65 1,188   2.5 1,441   2.9   0.4***   16.0*** 835   1.7 915   1.9   0.2***   11.8***
Sex and age group (yrs)
Male
15–24 2,211   9.8 2,986   13.4   3.6***   36.7*** 619   2.8 852   3.8   1.0***   35.7***
25–44 11,228   26.4 15,137   35.4   9.0***   34.1*** 3,862   9.1 4,527   10.6   1.5***   16.5***
45–64 7,537   18.4 9,519   23.2   4.8***   26.1*** 3,676   9.0 4124   10.0   1.0***   11.1***
Female
15–24 871   4.1 1,041   4.9   0.8***   19.5*** 267   1.2 294   1.4   0.2   16.7
25–44 4,824   11.4 6,162   14.5   3.1***   27.2*** 2,434   5.8 2,642   6.2   0.4***   6.9***
45–64 5,147   12.0 5,876   13.6   1.6***   13.3*** 3,525   8.2 3,672   8.5   0.3   3.7
Race and Hispanic origin**
White, non-Hispanic 27,056   13.9 33,450   17.5   3.6***   25.9*** 12,894   6.4 14,167   7.0   0.6***   9.4***
Black, non-Hispanic 2,741   6.6 4,374   10.3   3.7***   56.1*** 1,060   2.6 1,392   3.3   0.7***   26.9***
Hispanic 2,507   4.6 3,440   6.1   1.5***   32.6*** 961   1.8 1,133   2.1   0.3***   16.7***
AI/AN, non-Hispanic 315   12.1 369   13.9   1.8   14.9 181   7.0 173   6.5   -0.5   -7.1
A/PI, non-Hispanic 220   1.1 323   1.5   0.4***   36.4*** 89   0.5 131   0.7   0.2   40
County urbanization level††
Large central metro 9,679   9.4 12,903   12.5   3.1***   33.0*** 4,276   4.1 4,930   4.7   0.6***   14.6***
Large fringe metro 8,683   11.2 11,993   15.4   4.2***   37.5*** 3,444   4.2 4,209   5.2   1.0***   23.8***
Medium metro 7,618   11.8 9,264   14.3   2.5***   21.2*** 3,664   5.6 3,988   6.0   0.4***   7.1***
Small metro 2,729   9.9 3,224   11.7   1.8***   18.2*** 1,404   5.0 1,471   5.2   0.2   4.0
Micropolitan (nonmetro) 2,730   10.8 3,068   12.1   1.3***   12.0*** 1,457   5.6 1,475   5.7   0.1   1.8
Noncore (nonmetro) 1,652   9.6 1,797   10.5   0.9***   9.4*** 1,036   5.9 1,014   5.7   -0.2   -3.4
Selected states§§
States with very good to excellent reporting (n = 25)
Alaska 86   11.0 94   12.5   1.5   13.6 57   7.4 51   6.8   -0.6   -8.1
Connecticut 685   19.2 855   24.5   5.3***   27.6*** 243   6.3 264   7.2   0.9   14.3
District of Columbia 98   14.5 209   30.0   15.5***   106.9*** 26   3.7 66   9.3   5.6***   151.4***
Georgia 858   8.4 918   8.8   0.4   4.8 519   5.0 536   5.1   0.1   2.0
Illinois 1,381   10.7 1,947   15.3   4.6***   43.0*** 351   2.7 479   3.7   1.0***   37.0***
Iowa 170   5.8 183   6.2   0.4   6.9 92   3.1 92   3.1   0.0   0.0
Maine 238   19.3 301   25.2   5.9***   30.6*** 124   9.6 154   12.5   2.9***   30.2***
Maryland 1,087   17.7 1,821   29.7   12.0***   67.8*** 534   8.7 812   13.1   4.4***   50.6***
Massachusetts 1,550   23.3 1,990   29.7   6.4***   27.5*** 298   4.3 351   4.9   0.6   14.0
Nevada 419   13.8 408   13.3   -0.5   -3.6 298   9.8 275   8.9   -0.9   -9.2
New Hampshire 380   31.3 437   35.8   4.5   14.4 80   5.7 89   6.5   0.8   14.0
New Mexico 351   17.9 349   17.5   -0.4   -2.2 189   9.6 186   9.2   -0.4   -4.2
New York 2,166   10.8 3,009   15.1   4.3***   39.8*** 895   4.4 1,100   5.4   1.0***   22.7***
North Carolina 1,171   11.9 1,506   15.4   3.5***   29.4*** 635   6.4 695   6.9   0.5   7.8
Ohio 2,698   24.7 3,613   32.9   8.2***   33.2*** 780   6.9 867   7.7   0.8***   11.6***
Oklahoma 427   11.2 444   11.6   0.4   3.6 328   8.6 322   8.4   -0.2   -2.3
Oregon 331   7.9 312   7.6   -0.3   -3.8 198   4.7 165   3.9   -0.8   -17.0
Rhode Island 254   23.5 279   26.7   3.2   13.6 122   10.6 114   10.5   -0.1   -0.9
South Carolina 554   11.4 628   13.1   1.7***   14.9*** 361   7.3 381   7.8   0.5   6.8
Tennessee 1,038   16.0 1,186   18.1   2.1***   13.1*** 693   10.5 739   11.1   0.6   5.7
Utah 448   15.9 466   16.4   0.5   3.1 385   13.7 349   12.5   -1.2   -8.8
Vermont 79   13.4 101   18.4   5.0   37.3 32   5.3 35   5.9   0.6   11.3
Virginia 820   9.9 1,130   13.5   3.6***   36.4*** 322   3.8 400   4.7   0.9***   23.7***
Washington 692   9.3 709   9.4   0.1   1.1 355   4.7 388   5.0   0.3   6.4
West Virginia 629   36.0 733   43.4   7.4***   20.6*** 380   21.2 340   19.7   -1.5   -7.1
States with good reporting (n = 7)
Arizona 671   10.2 769   11.4   1.2***   11.8*** 362   5.5 380   5.6   0.1   1.8
Colorado 495   8.7 536   9.5   0.8   9.2 288   5.1 258   4.5   -0.6   -11.8
Hawaii 62   4.1 77   5.2   1.1   26.8 42   2.8 55   3.6   0.8   28.6
Minnesota 338   6.2 396   7.4   1.2***   19.4*** 177   3.2 195   3.6   0.4   12.5
Missouri 692   11.7 914   15.9   4.2***   35.9*** 289   4.8 268   4.5   -0.3   -6.3
Texas 1,287   4.7 1,375   4.9   0.2   4.3 590   2.1 617   2.2   0.1   4.8
Wisconsin 622   11.2 866   15.8   4.6***   41.1*** 300   5.2 382   6.7   1.5***   28.8***

Source: National Vital Statistics System, Mortality file.
Abbreviations: A/PI = Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native.
* Deaths are classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Drug overdose deaths are identified using underlying cause-of-death codes X40–X44, X60–X64, X85, and Y10–Y14. Rates are age-adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 U.S. standard population, except for age-specific crude rates. All rates are per 100,000 population. Cells with ≤9 deaths are not reported. Rates based on <20 deaths are not considered reliable and not reported.
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have opium (T40.0), heroin (T40.1), natural and semisynthetic opioids (T40.2), methadone (T40.3), synthetic opioids other than methadone (T40.4), or other and unspecified narcotics (T40.6) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have natural and semisynthetic opioids (T40.2) or methadone (T40.3) as a contributing cause.
Categories of deaths are not exclusive because deaths may involve more than one drug. Summing of categories will result in greater than the total number of deaths in a year.
** Data for Hispanic origin should be interpreted with caution; studies comparing Hispanic origin on death certificates and on census surveys have shown inconsistent reporting on Hispanic ethnicity. Potential race misclassification might lead to underestimates for certain categories, primarily AI/AN non-Hispanic and A/PI non-Hispanic decedents. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.
†† By 2013 urbanization classification. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm.
§§ Analyses were limited to states meeting the following criteria: for states with very good to excellent reporting, ≥90% of drug overdose deaths mention at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by no more than 10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States with good reporting had 80% to <90% of drug overdose deaths mention of at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in the percentage of drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States included also were required to have stable rate estimates, based on ≥20 deaths, in at least two drug categories (i.e., opioids, prescription opioids, synthetic opioids other than methadone, heroin, cocaine, and psychostimulants with abuse potential). South Dakota was the only state with good or excellent reporting in both years, but with an improvement >10 percentage points in drug specificity.
¶¶ Absolute rate change is the difference between 2015 and 2016 rates. Percent change is the absolute rate change divided by the 2015 rate, multiplied by 100. Nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on the gamma method were used if the number of deaths was <100 in 2015 or 2016, and z-tests were used if the number of deaths was ≥100 in both 2015 and 2016. Note that the method of comparing confidence intervals is a conservative method for statistical significance; caution should be observed when interpreting a nonsignificant difference when the lower and upper limits being compared overlap only slightly. Confidence intervals of 2015 and 2016 rates of prescription opioid deaths for Asian/Pacific Islanders overlapped only slightly: (0.37, 0.57), (0.56, 0.80).
*** Statistically significant at 0.05 level.

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TABLE 2. Annual number and age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths* involving heroin† and synthetic opioids other than methadone,§, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin,** urbanization level,†† and selected states§§ — United States, 2015 and 2016Return to your place in the text
Decedent characteristic Heroin Synthetic opioids other than methadone
2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶ 2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶
No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate
All 12,989 4.1 15,469 4.9 0.8*** 19.5*** 9,580 3.1 19,413 6.2 3.1*** 100.0***
Sex
Male 9,881 6.3 11,752 7.5 1.2*** 19.0*** 6,560 4.2 13,835 8.9 4.7*** 111.9***
Female 3,108 2.0 3,717 2.4 0.4*** 20.0*** 3,020 1.9 5,578 3.5 1.6*** 84.2***
Age group (yrs)
0–14 —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† 14 —††† 18 —††† —††† —†††
15–24 1,649 3.8 1,728 4.0 0.2 5.3 999 2.3 1,958 4.5 2.2*** 95.7***
25–34 4,292 9.7 5,051 11.3 1.6*** 16.5*** 2,896 6.6 6,094 13.6 7.0*** 106.1***
35–44 3,012 7.4 3,625 9.0 1.6*** 21.6*** 2,289 5.6 4,825 11.9 6.3*** 112.5***
45–54 2,439 5.6 3,009 7.0 1.4*** 25.0*** 1,982 4.6 3,872 9.1 4.5*** 97.8***
55–64 1,407 3.4 1,777 4.3 0.9*** 26.5*** 1,167 2.9 2,238 5.4 2.5*** 86.2***
≥65 184 0.4 275 0.6 0.2*** 50.0*** 232 0.5 405 0.8 0.3*** 60.0***
Sex and age group (yrs)
Male
15–24 1,172 5.2 1,275 5.7 0.5*** 9.6*** 718 3.2 1,434 6.4 3.2*** 100.0***
25–44 5,602 13.2 6,643 15.5 2.3*** 17.4*** 3,764 8.9 8,029 18.8 9.9*** 111.2***
45–64 2,953 7.2 3,599 8.8 1.6*** 22.2*** 1,948 4.8 4,116 10.0 5.2*** 108.3***
Female
15–24 477 2.2 453 2.1 -0.1 -4.5 281 1.3 524 2.5 1.2*** 92.3***
25–44 1,702 4.0 2,033 4.8 0.8*** 20.0*** 1,421 3.4 2,890 6.8 3.4*** 100.0***
45–64 893 2.1 1,187 2.8 0.7*** 33.3*** 1,201 2.8 1,994 4.6 1.8*** 64.3***
Race and Hispanic origin**
White, non-Hispanic 10,050 5.4 11,631 6.3 0.9*** 16.7*** 7,995 4.2 15,143 8.2 4.0*** 95.2***
Black, non-Hispanic 1,310 3.1 1,899 4.5 1.4*** 45.2*** 883 2.1 2,391 5.6 3.5*** 166.7***
Hispanic 1,299 2.3 1,555 2.8 0.5*** 21.7*** 524 0.9 1,505 2.7 1.8*** 200.0***
AI/AN, non-Hispanic 117 4.4 131 5.0 0.6 13.6 51 2.0 113 4.1 2.1*** 105.0***
A/PI, non-Hispanic 98 0.5 102 0.5 0.0 0.0 51 0.2 134 0.6 0.4*** 200.0***
County urbanization level††
Large central metro 4,496 4.4 5,507 5.3 0.9*** 20.5*** 2,509 2.4 6,009 5.8 3.4*** 141.7***
Large fringe metro 3,778 5.0 4,623 6.1 1.1*** 22.0*** 2,947 3.9 6,264 8.2 4.3*** 110.3***
Medium metro 2,736 4.3 3,077 4.9 0.6*** 14.0*** 2,255 3.5 3,978 6.3 2.8*** 80.0***
Small metro 868 3.2 990 3.7 0.5*** 15.6*** 686 2.5 1,270 4.7 2.2*** 88.0***
Micropolitan (nonmetro) 778 3.2 860 3.6 0.4*** 12.5*** 753 3.0 1,228 5.0 2.0*** 66.7***
Noncore (nonmetro) 333 2.1 412 2.6 0.5*** 23.8*** 430 2.6 664 4.1 1.5*** 57.7***
Selected states§§
States with very good to excellent reporting (n = 25)
Alaska 37 4.7 49 6.5 1.8 38.3 14 —††† —††† —††† —††† —†††
Connecticut 390 11.3 450 13.1 1.8*** 15.9*** 211 6.1 500 14.8 8.7*** 142.6***
District of Columbia 67 9.9 122 17.3 7.4*** 74.7*** 26 3.9 129 19.2 15.3*** 392.3***
Georgia 222 2.2 226 2.2 0.0 0.0 284 2.8 277 2.7 -0.1 -3.6
Illinois 844 6.7 1,040 8.2 1.5*** 22.4*** 278 2.2 907 7.2 5.0*** 227.3***
Iowa 45 1.6 47 1.7 0.1 6.2 44 1.5 58 2.0 0.5 33.3
Maine 52 4.5 55 4.7 0.2 4.4 116 9.9 199 17.3 7.4*** 74.7***
Maryland 405 6.6 650 10.7 4.1*** 62.1*** 357 5.8 1,091 17.8 12.0*** 206.9***
Massachusetts 634 9.6 630 9.5 -0.1 -1.0 949 14.4 1,550 23.5 9.1*** 63.2***
Nevada 82 2.7 86 2.9 0.2 7.4 32 1.1 53 1.7 0.6 54.5
New Hampshire 78 6.5 34 2.8 -3.7*** -56.9*** 285 24.1 363 30.3 6.2*** 25.7***
New Mexico 156 8.1 161 8.2 0.1 1.2 42 2.1 78 4.0 1.9*** 90.5***
New York 1,058 5.4 1,307 6.5 1.1*** 20.4*** 668 3.3 1,641 8.3 5.0*** 151.5***
North Carolina 393 4.1 544 5.7 1.6*** 39.0*** 300 3.1 601 6.2 3.1*** 100.0***
Ohio 1,444 13.3 1,478 13.5 0.2 1.5 1,234 11.4 2,296 21.1 9.7*** 85.1***
Oklahoma 36 1.0 53 1.4 0.4 40.0 93 2.4 98 2.5 0.1 4.2
Oregon 102 2.5 114 2.9 0.4 16.0 34 0.9 43 1.1 0.2 22.2
Rhode Island 45 4.3 25 2.5 -1.8 -41.9 137 13.2 182 17.8 4.6*** 34.8***
South Carolina 100 2.2 115 2.5 0.3 13.6 161 3.3 237 5.0 1.7*** 51.5***
Tennessee 205 3.3 260 4.1 0.8*** 24.2*** 251 4.0 395 6.2 2.2*** 55.0***
Utah 127 4.3 166 5.6 1.3*** 30.2*** 62 2.3 72 2.5 0.2 8.7
Vermont 33 5.8 45 8.7 2.9 50.0 33 5.6 53 10.1 4.5 80.4
Virginia 353 4.3 450 5.5 1.2*** 27.9*** 270 3.3 648 7.9 4.6*** 139.4***
Washington 303 4.2 283 3.9 -0.3 -7.1 65 0.9 93 1.3 0.4 44.4
West Virginia 194 11.8 235 14.9 3.1*** 26.3*** 217 12.7 435 26.3 13.6*** 107.1***
States with good reporting (n = 7)
Arizona 247 3.8 299 4.5 0.7*** 18.4*** 72 1.1 123 1.8 0.7*** 63.6***
Colorado 159 2.8 234 4.2 1.4*** 50.0*** 64 1.2 72 1.3 0.1 8.3
Hawaii 15 —††† 20 1.4 —††† —††† 13 —††† —††† —††† —††† —†††
Minnesota 115 2.2 149 2.8 0.6 27.3 55 1.0 99 1.9 0.9*** 90.0***
Missouri 303 5.3 380 6.7 1.4*** 26.4*** 183 3.1 441 7.8 4.7*** 151.6***
Texas 523 1.9 530 1.9 0.0 0.0 186 0.7 250 0.9 0.2*** 28.6***
Wisconsin 287 5.3 389 7.3 2.0*** 37.7*** 112 2.1 288 5.3 3.2*** 152.4***

Source: National Vital Statistics System, Mortality file.
Abbreviations: A/PI = Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native.
* Deaths are classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Drug overdose deaths are identified using underlying cause-of-death codes X40–X44, X60–X64, X85, and Y10–Y14. Rates are age-adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 U.S. standard population, except for age-specific crude rates. All rates are per 100,000 population.
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have heroin (T40.1) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have synthetic opioids other than methadone (T40.4) as a contributing cause.
Categories of deaths are not exclusive because deaths may involve more than one drug. Summing of categories will result in greater than the total number of deaths in a year.
** Data for Hispanic origin should be interpreted with caution; studies comparing Hispanic origin on death certificates and on census surveys have shown inconsistent reporting on Hispanic ethnicity. Potential race misclassification might lead to underestimates for certain categories, primarily AI/AN non-Hispanic and A/PI non-Hispanic decedents. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.
†† By 2013 urbanization classification. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm.
§§ Analyses were limited to states meeting the following criteria: For states with very good to excellent reporting, ≥90% of drug overdose deaths mention at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States with good reporting had 80% to <90% of drug overdose deaths mention of at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in the percentage of drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States included also were required to have stable rate estimates, based on ≥20 deaths, in at least two drug categories (i.e., opioids, prescription opioids, synthetic opioids other than methadone, heroin, cocaine, and psychostimulants with abuse potential). South Dakota was the only state with good or excellent reporting in both years, but with an improvement >10 percentage points in drug specificity.
¶¶ Absolute rate change is the difference between 2015 and 2016 rates. Percent change is the absolute rate change divided by the 2015 rate, multiplied by 100. Nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on the gamma method were used if the number of deaths was <100 in 2015 or 2016, and z-tests were used if the number of deaths was ≥100 in both 2015 and 2016.
*** Statistically significant at 0.05 level.
††† Cells with ≤9 deaths are not reported. Rates based on <20 deaths are not considered reliable and not reported.

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TABLE 3. Annual number and age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths* involving cocaine† and psychostimulants with abuse potential,§, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin,** urbanization level,†† and selected states§§ — United States, 2015 and 2016Return to your place in the text
Decedent characteristic Cocaine Psychostimulants with abuse potential
2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶ 2015 2016 Change from 2015 to 2016¶¶
No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate No. Rate No. Rate Absolute rate change % Change in rate
All 6,784 2.1 10,375 3.2 1.1*** 52.4*** 5,716 1.8 7,542 2.4 0.6*** 33.3***
Sex
Male 4,885 3.1 7,493 4.7 1.6*** 51.6*** 3,971 2.5 5,348 3.4 0.9*** 36.0***
Female 1,899 1.2 2,882 1.8 0.6*** 50.0*** 1,745 1.1 2,194 1.4 0.3*** 27.3***
Age group (yrs)
0–14 —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† 11 —††† 11 —††† —††† —†††
15–24 442 1.0 757 1.7 0.7*** 70.0*** 416 0.9 571 1.3 0.4*** 44.4***
25–34 1,571 3.6 2,525 5.7 2.1*** 58.3*** 1,307 3.0 1,762 3.9 0.9*** 30.0***
35–44 1,549 3.8 2,431 6.0 2.2*** 57.9*** 1,357 3.3 1,831 4.5 1.2*** 36.4***
45–54 1,861 4.3 2,629 6.1 1.8*** 41.9*** 1,513 3.5 1,914 4.5 1.0*** 28.6***
55–64 1,166 2.9 1,721 4.2 1.3*** 44.8*** 946 2.3 1,244 3.0 0.7*** 30.4***
≥65 194 0.4 303 0.6 0.2*** 50.0*** 164 0.3 206 0.4 0.1*** 33.3***
Sex and age group (yrs)
Male
15–24 303 1.3 553 2.5 1.2*** 92.3*** 259 1.2 388 1.7 0.5*** 41.7***
25–44 2,238 5.3 3,569 8.3 3.0*** 56.6*** 1,853 4.4 2,536 5.9 1.5*** 34.1***
45–64 2,181 5.3 3,108 7.6 2.3*** 43.4*** 1,714 4.2 2,251 5.5 1.3*** 31.0***
Female
15–24 139 0.7 204 1.0 0.3*** 42.9*** 157 0.7 183 0.9 0.2*** 28.6***
25–44 882 2.1 1,387 3.3 1.2*** 57.1*** 811 1.9 1,057 2.5 0.6*** 31.6***
45–64 846 2.0 1,242 2.9 0.9*** 45.0*** 745 1.7 907 2.1 0.4*** 23.5***
Race and Hispanic origin**
White, non-Hispanic 4,225 2.2 6,443 3.4 1.2*** 54.5*** 4,324 2.2 5,777 3.0 0.8*** 36.4***
Black, non-Hispanic 1,690 4.0 2,599 6.1 2.1*** 52.5*** 316 0.8 477 1.2 0.4*** 50.0***
Hispanic 697 1.3 1,097 2.0 0.7*** 53.8*** 725 1.4 846 1.5 0.1 7.1
AI/AN, non-Hispanic 43 1.6 56 2.1 0.5 31.3 142 5.4 181 6.9 1.5*** 27.8***
A/PI, non-Hispanic 61 0.3 85 0.4 0.1 33.3 149 0.7 171 0.8 0.1 14.3
County urbanization level††
Large central metro 2,786 2.7 4,301 4.2 1.5*** 55.6*** 2,003 2.0 2,561 2.5 0.5*** 25.0***
Large fringe metro 1,617 2.1 2,734 3.5 1.4*** 66.7*** 909 1.2 1,235 1.6 0.4*** 33.3***
Medium metro 1,462 2.3 2,082 3.2 0.9*** 39.1*** 1,378 2.1 1,821 2.8 0.7*** 33.3***
Small metro 419 1.5 569 2.1 0.6*** 40.0*** 533 2.0 698 2.6 0.6*** 30.0***
Micropolitan (nonmetro) 360 1.4 474 1.9 0.5*** 35.7*** 517 2.0 745 3.0 1.0*** 50.0***
Noncore (nonmetro) 140 0.9 215 1.3 0.4*** 44.4*** 376 2.3 482 2.9 0.6*** 26.1***
Selected states§§
States with very good to excellent reporting (n = 25)
Alaska —††† —††† 15 —††† —††† —††† 27 3.5 49 6.3 2.8 80.0
Connecticut 166 4.7 237 6.9 2.2*** 46.8*** 22 0.6 25 0.7 0.1 16.7
District of Columbia 33 4.9 89 13.5 8.6*** 175.5*** —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —†††
Georgia 159 1.5 209 2.0 0.5*** 33.3*** 220 2.2 243 2.4 0.2 9.1
Illinois 332 2.5 507 4.0 1.5*** 60.0*** 60 0.5 112 0.9 0.4*** 80.0***
Iowa 17 —††† 15 —††† —††† —††† 63 2.2 80 2.7 0.5 22.7
Maine 32 2.8 61 5.0 2.2*** 78.6*** 21 1.7 28 2.3 0.6 35.3
Maryland 143 2.3 314 5.0 2.7*** 117.4*** 26 0.4 43 0.8 0.4 100.0
Massachusetts 402 6.1 567 8.5 2.4*** 39.3*** 43 0.6 45 0.7 0.1 16.7
Nevada 40 1.3 37 1.2 -0.1 -7.7 172 5.7 228 7.5 1.8*** 31.6***
New Hampshire 47 4.1 61 5.0 0.9 22.0 —††† —††† 13 —††† —††† —†††
New Mexico 51 2.6 58 3.0 0.4 15.4 119 6.1 135 7.1 1.0 16.4
New York 634 3.1 991 4.9 1.8*** 58.1*** 80 0.4 150 0.8 0.4*** 100.0***
North Carolina 314 3.2 500 5.1 1.9*** 59.4*** 67 0.7 115 1.2 0.5*** 71.4***
Ohio 698 6.3 1,124 10.1 3.8*** 60.3*** 105 1.0 243 2.3 1.3*** 130.0***
Oklahoma 29 0.7 31 0.8 0.1 14.3 199 5.3 263 7.1 1.8*** 34.0***
Oregon 22 0.6 26 0.7 0.1 16.7 124 3.1 150 3.6 0.5 16.1
Rhode Island 87 8.3 112 10.7 2.4 28.9 11 —††† 10 —††† —††† —†††
South Carolina 116 2.4 143 3.0 0.6 25.0 87 1.9 125 2.7 0.8 42.1
Tennessee 202 3.0 249 3.8 0.8*** 26.7*** 113 1.8 186 2.9 1.1*** 61.1***
Utah 44 1.5 48 1.7 0.2 13.3 147 5.2 143 5.1 -0.1 -1.9
Vermont 14 —††† 21 4.0 —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —†††
Virginia 168 2.0 254 3.0 1.0*** 50.0*** 55 0.7 76 0.9 0.2 28.6
Washington 85 1.1 90 1.2 0.1 9.1 304 4.2 326 4.4 0.2 4.8
West Virginia 94 5.6 143 8.5 2.9*** 51.8*** 65 3.9 117 7.0 3.1*** 79.5***
States with good reporting (n = 7)
Arizona 62 0.9 82 1.2 0.3 33.3 333 5.1 454 6.7 1.6*** 31.4***
Colorado 60 1.0 106 1.9 0.9*** 90.0*** 140 2.6 200 3.6 1.0*** 38.5***
Hawaii —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† —††† 87 5.9 102 6.8 0.9 15.3
Minnesota 42 0.7 43 0.8 0.1 14.3 82 1.5 140 2.6 1.1*** 73.3***
Missouri 77 1.3 103 1.8 0.5 38.5 133 2.4 185 3.3 0.9*** 37.5***
Texas 470 1.7 584 2.1 0.4*** 23.5*** 454 1.7 577 2.1 0.4*** 23.5***
Wisconsin 115 2.0 147 2.6 0.6*** 30.0*** 38 0.7 76 1.4 0.7*** 100.0***

Source: National Vital Statistics System, Mortality file.
Abbreviations: A/PI = Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native.
* Deaths are classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Drug overdose deaths are identified using underlying cause-of-death codes X40–X44, X60–X64, X85, and Y10–Y14. Rates are age-adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 U.S. standard population, except for age-specific crude rates. All rates are per 100,000 population.
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have cocaine (T40.5) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have psychostimulants with abuse potential (T43.6) as a contributing cause.
Categories of deaths are not exclusive because deaths may involve more than one drug. Summing of categories will result in greater than the total number of deaths in a year.
** Data for Hispanic origin should be interpreted with caution; studies comparing Hispanic origin on death certificates and on census surveys have shown inconsistent reporting on Hispanic ethnicity. Potential race misclassification might lead to underestimates for certain categories, primarily AI/AN non-Hispanic and A/PI non-Hispanic decedents. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.
†† By 2013 urbanization classification. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm.
§§ Analyses were limited to states meeting the following criteria: For states with very good to excellent reporting, ≥90% of drug overdose deaths mention at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States with good reporting had 80% to <90% of drug overdose deaths mention of at least one specific drug in 2015, with the change in the percentage of drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points from 2015 to 2016. States included also were required to have stable rate estimates, based on ≥20 deaths, in at least two drug categories (i.e., opioids, prescription opioids, synthetic opioids other than methadone, heroin, cocaine, and psychostimulants with abuse potential). South Dakota was the only state with good or excellent reporting in both years, but with an improvement >10 percentage points in drug specificity.
¶¶ Absolute rate change is the difference between 2015 and 2016 rates. Percent change is the absolute rate change divided by the 2015 rate, multiplied by 100. Nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on the gamma method were used if the number of deaths was <100 in 2015 or 2016, and z-tests were used if the number of deaths was ≥100 in both 2015 and 2016.
*** Statistically significant at 0.05 level.
††† Cells with ≤9 deaths are not reported. Rates based on <20 deaths are not considered reliable and not reported.

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Suggested citation for this article: Seth P, Scholl L, Rudd RA, Bacon S. Overdose Deaths Involving Opioids, Cocaine, and Psychostimulants — United States, 2015–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:349–358. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6712a1.

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