Receipt of First and Second Doses of JYNNEOS Vaccine for Prevention of Monkeypox — United States, May 22–October 10, 2022

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Vaccination with JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) to prevent monkeypox commenced shortly after confirmation of the first monkeypox case in the current outbreak in the United States on May 17, 2022 (1). To date, more than 27,000 cases have been reported across all 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and Puerto Rico.* JYNNEOS vaccine is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a 0.5-mL 2-dose series administered subcutaneously 28 days apart to prevent smallpox and monkeypox infections (2) and has been found to provide protection against monkeypox infection during the current outbreak (3). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) allocated 1.1 million vials of JYNNEOS vaccine from the Strategic National Stockpile, with doses allocated to jurisdictions based on case counts and estimated size of population at risk (4). However, initial vaccine supplies were severely constrained relative to vaccine demand during the expanding outbreak. Some jurisdictions with highest incidence responded by prioritizing first dose administration during May–July (5,6). The FDA emergency use authorization (EUA) of 0.1 mL dosing for intradermal administration of JYNNEOS for persons aged ≥18 years on August 9, 2022, substantially expanded available vaccine supply^† (7). The U.S. vaccination strategy focuses primarily on persons with known or presumed exposures to monkeypox (8) or those at high risk for occupational exposure (9). Data on monkeypox vaccine doses administered and reported to CDC by U.S. jurisdictions were analyzed to assess vaccine administration and completion of the 2-dose series. A total of 931,155 doses of JYNNEOS vaccine were administered and reported to the CDC by 55 U.S. jurisdictions during May 22–October 10, 2022. Among persons who received ≥1 dose, 51.4% were non-Hispanic White (White), 22.5% were Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic), and 12.6% were non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black). The percentages of vaccine recipients who were Black (5.6%) and Hispanic (15.5%) during May 22–June 25 increased to 13.3% and 22.7%, respectively, during July 31–October 10. Among 496,888 persons who received a first dose and were eligible for a second dose during the study period, 57.6% received their second dose. Second dose receipt was highest among older adults, White persons, and those residing in the South U.S. Census Bureau Region. Tracking and addressing disparities in vaccination can reduce inequities, and equitable access to and acceptance of vaccine should be an essential factor in planning vaccination programs, events, and strategies. Receipt of both first and second doses is necessary for optimal protection against Monkeypox virus infection.

The system for reporting monkeypox vaccination data was adapted from existing infrastructure and data flow structures developed for reporting COVID-19 vaccine administration data.^§ Providers submitted monkeypox vaccination data to their jurisdiction’s immunization information systems (IIS); state, local, and territorial jurisdictions reported vaccine administration data to CDC. Monkeypox vaccine doses administered to persons in 49 states, New York City, Philadelphia, DC, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands during May 22–October 10, 2022, and reported to CDC as of October 12, 2022, were analyzed to assess vaccination by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, U.S. Census Bureau region, and urbanicity.^¶

The proportion of persons who received a second JYNNEOS vaccine dose was calculated from among all persons who received a first dose and were due for their second dose during the study period.** First and second doses were linked by CDC based on a recipient identifier assigned by the reporting entity and the three-digit reporting entity code.^†† The interval in days between first and second doses was calculated using date of administration for each dose. Analyses were conducted using SQL Server Management Studio (version 18; Microsoft) and SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.^§§

During May 22–October 10, 2022, a total of 931,155 JYNNEOS vaccine doses were administered and reported to CDC by U.S. jurisdictions, including 628,610 (67.5%) first doses, 301,770 (32.4%) second doses, and 775 (0.1%) third, fourth, or fifth doses.^¶¶ Weekly first dose administration peaked at 102,262 during the week August 7–13 (Supplementary Figure, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/121818). The majority of vaccine doses (63%) were administered in the six states reporting the highest monkeypox case counts (California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, and Texas).***

Among 628,610 persons who received ≥1 dose of vaccine, 91.9% were male, and 65.4% were aged 25–49 years (Table 1). Most vaccine recipients were residents of urban counties (82.5%); 15.9% and 1.6% lived in suburban and rural counties, respectively. Race and ethnicity were reported for 91.0% of vaccinated persons; among those, 51.4% were White, 22.5% were Hispanic, 12.6% were Black, and 7.6% were Asian persons. The percentages of vaccine recipients who were Black (5.6%) and Hispanic (15.5%) during May 22–June 25, increased to 9.4% and 21.9%, respectively, during June 26–July 30, and to 13.3% and 22.7%, respectively, during July 31–October 10 (Figure) (Supplementary Table 1, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/121816). The most common provider sites where persons received vaccines were public health clinics (41.5%), commercial vaccination service providers (13.6%), medical practices (9.3%), and hospitals (9.1%) (Table 1).

Among 496,888 first-dose vaccine recipients who were eligible to receive a second dose during the study period, 285,964 (57.6%) had received the second dose as of October 10 (Table 2). Receipt of a second dose was highest in the South (70.0%) and lowest in the Northeast (51.8%). The percentage of persons who received a second dose varied across jurisdictions (range = 22.4%–82.5%) (Supplementary Table 2, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/121817). In New York City and Philadelphia, where administration of second doses was delayed because of prioritization of first doses (5,6), fewer than one half of first-dose recipients had received a second dose. Second dose receipt was lower among females (39.4%) than among males (59.3%), was highest among White persons (61.4%), was lowest among persons of Hispanic (53.9%) or unknown race or ethnicity (51.2%), and increased with increasing age. More than one half of eligible Black, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander persons received a second dose. Among persons who received a second dose, 68.7% received the dose within the recommended interval of 24–35 days after the first dose (median = 31 days; IQR = 28–38 days) (Table 2).

Acknowledgments

Immunization program managers, immunization information system managers, and other staff members of the immunization programs in the jurisdictions who provided these data.

Corresponding author: Jennifer L. Kriss, [email protected].

¹CDC Monkeypox Emergency Response Team; ²Office of Informatics, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC; ³Peraton, Inc., Herndon, Virginia.

References

1. Minhaj FS, Ogale YP, Whitehill F, et al.; Monkeypox Response Team 2022. Monkeypox outbreak—nine states, May 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:764–9. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7123e1 PMID:35679181
2. Food and Drug Administration. JYNNEOS [package insert, revised June 2021]. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/131078/download
3. Payne AB, Ray LC, Kugeler KJ, et al. Incidence of monkeypox among unvaccinated persons compared with persons receiving ≥1 JYNNEOS vaccine dose—32 U.S. jurisdictions, July 31–September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1278–82. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7140e3 PMID:36201401
4. Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response. JYNNEOS vaccine distribution by jurisdiction. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; 2022. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://aspr.hhs.gov/SNS/Pages/JYNNEOS-Distribution.aspx
5. City of Philadelphia Department of Health. Monkeypox vaccine update: expanded eligibility & second doses. Philadelphia, PA: City of Philadelphia Department of Health; 2022. https://vax.phila.gov/index.php/notices/monkeypox-vaccine-update-expanded-eligibility-second-doses/
6. New York City Department of Health. NYC Health Department on monkeypox vaccination strategy and prioritization of first doses. New York, NY: New York City Department of Health; 2022. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2022/monkeypox-vaccination-prioritization-first-doses.page
7. Food and Drug Administration. Emergency use authorization for the emergency use of JYNNEOS. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2022. https://www.fda.gov/media/160774/download
8. CDC. JYNNEOS vaccine interim guidance. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/interim-considerations/jynneos-vaccine.html
9. Rao AK, Petersen BW, Whitehill F, et al. Use of JYNNEOS (smallpox and monkeypox vaccine, live, nonreplicating) for preexposure vaccination of persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:734–42. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1 PMID:35653347
10. Philpott D, Hughes CM, Alroy KA, et al.; CDC Multinational Monkeypox Response Team. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of monkeypox cases—United States, May 17–July 22, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1018–22. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7132e3 PMID:35951487

Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; FQHC = Federally Qualified Health Center; NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
* Percentages calculated using nonmissing data.
^† Overall, 775 doses were reported as third, fourth, or fifth doses.
^§ Persons with Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) ethnicity were categorized as Hispanic and might be of any race; persons with non-Hispanic ethnicity were categorized as non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, White, multiracial (more than one race category selected), or other. Persons with missing data for either race or ethnicity were categorized as unknown race and ethnicity.
^¶ For each U.S. Census Bureau region, vaccine allocations (vials) were 251,150 (Northeast); 404,026 (South); 148,419 (Midwest); and 281,975 (West) (https://aspr.hhs.gov/SNS/Pages/JYNNEOS-Distribution.aspx). A total of 2,775 vaccine recipients were in U.S. territories and freely associated states and were not categorized in a U.S. Census Bureau region.
** Urbanicity was classified based on the vaccine recipient’s county of residence using the National Center of Health Statistics’ 2013 Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties: urban includes large central metropolitan, medium metropolitan, and small metropolitan counties; suburban includes large fringe metropolitan counties; and rural includes micropolitan and noncore counties (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm). A total of 40,439 vaccine recipients had an unknown or missing county of residence; 2,775 vaccine recipients were in U.S. territories and freely associated states and were not categorized as urban, suburban, or rural.

FIGURE. Race and ethnicity*^,† of persons who received ≥1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine, by week of administration — United States, May 22–October 8, 2022

* Race and ethnicity were missing for 56,460 (9.0%) vaccinated persons.

^† Persons with Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) ethnicity were categorized as Hispanic and might be of any race; persons with non-Hispanic ethnicity were categorized as non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, White, multiracial (more than one race category selected), or other. Persons with missing data for either race or ethnicity were categorized as unknown race and ethnicity.

Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
* Among persons who received a first dose ≥28 days earlier (496,888).
^† Analysis of second dose receipt incorporates 7-day lag to account for reporting delays between vaccine administration and data report to CDC.
^§ Among persons who received a second dose.
^¶ 24–35 days after the first dose.
** Texas did not submit person-level vaccination data; therefore, persons who received ≥1 dose in Texas (23,264) were excluded from analysis of second dose receipt.
^†† Persons with Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) ethnicity were categorized as Hispanic and might be of any race; persons with non-Hispanic ethnicity were categorized as non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, White, multiracial (more than one race category selected), or other. Persons with missing data for either race or ethnicity were categorized as unknown race and ethnicity.
^§§ A total of 1,345 persons were in U.S. territories and freely associated states and were not categorized in a U.S. Census Bureau region.